Lab Exam 2nd Half

Question 1

cranium consists of..

Answer 1

(braincase)-everything but mandible
anterior (frontal) medial (temporal), and posterior fossa- different parts of brain actually sit in it. posterior cranial fossa (occipital).
Meninges (3 membranes) separate brain from bones
Consists of two parts: calvaria (skullcap dome top of skull) and cranial base (where everything sits). middle cranial fosssa. )meninges- seperate brain from surface of hard bone

Question 2

Base is divided into three basins that comprise the cranial floor

Answer 2

Anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of the brain
Middle cranial fossa: temporal lobes of the brain deeper shaped like a pair of outstretched bird wingins
Posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum

Question 3

fossa

Answer 3

Anterior cranial fossa: frontal lobe of the brain
Middle cranial fossa: temporal lobes of the brain deeper shaped like a pair of outstretched bird wingins
Posterior cranial fossa: cerebellum

Question 4

cranial bones

Answer 4

1 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 1 occipital, 1 sphenoid, 1 ethmoid

Question 5

facial bones

Answer 5

2 maxillae 2 nasal bones
2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer
2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

Question 6

frontal bone

Answer 6

eyebrow bones, frontal sinus. Forms forehead and part of the roof of the cranium, Contains frontal sinus, from forehead to Coronal suture (cut anterior from posterior along crown of head right to left joining parietal bones forming almost all of anterior cranial fossa and roof of orbit). deep to orbit has suprorbital margin w/ supraorbital foamen allowing passage for nerve, artery and vein

Question 7

pariental bones

Answer 7

Form most of cranial roof and part of its lateral walls. 2 major portion of actual cranium and lateral walls, Bordered by four sutures: sagittal, coronal, lamboid, squamous

parietal foramen occurs near corner of lambodi and sagittal sutures small vein from blood sinus. superior and inferior temporarl lines arc across pareetal and frontal bones for attachment of temporalis muscle

Question 8

temporal bones

Answer 8

above and anterior to ear, lower wall and part of floor of cranial cavity. ear looks like triceratops lateral wall and part of floor of cranial cavity,
Four parts: squamous, tympanic, mastoid, and petrous
Squamosal suture

Question 9

occipital bone

Answer 9

Rear and base of skull, inferior of skull and part of posterior part w/ 1st 2 cervical vertebrae connected and form Foramen magnum opening for spinal cord w/ dura mater attached, Lamdoidal suture (parietal bones) occipital condyles connected on atlas. impressions by large venous sinuses draining blood from brain branches into right and left arround occipital bone.

Question 10

sphenoid bone

Answer 10

thick median body greater and lesser wings, anterior cranial fossa, half of middle cranial fossa lateral surface of cranium anterior to temporal bone. owl or bat right in middle of skull in cranial base.

Question 11

ethmoid bone

Answer 11

looks like bird part of nasal cavity helps form part of nasal septum. anteriro cranial bone between eyes. medial wall of orbit, roof and walls of nasal cavity and septum. perpendicular plate- nasal septum lower is vomer w/ nasal fossae air spaces.

Question 12

sutures of parietal bone

Answer 12

Sagittal (parietal and fusing w/ frontal sslitting right down middle) between two parietal bones
Coronal- cuts top of bone. anterior margin connecting to frontal.
Lambdoid-most posteriorly helped form sqamous
Squamous-trace a line around ear lateral where parietal bone stops along side of bone formed w/ squamosal suture of temporal

Question 13

facial bones function

Answer 13

skull bones anterior to the cranial cavity (do not enclose brain). shape form of face muscles of facial expression, mastication and chewing food
Support teeth
Give shape to face
Form part of orbital and nasal cavities
Provide attachments for muscles of facial expression and mastication

Question 14

facial bones

Answer 14

2 maxillae 2 nasal bones
2 palatine bones 2 inferior nasal conchae
2 zygomatic bones 1 vomer
2 lacrimal bones 1 mandible

Question 15

maxilla bones

Answer 15

Largest facial bones
Forms upper jaw and meets at median intermaxillary suture
nasal cavity and orbit
alveolar processes grow into spaces between base of teeth. alveolus sockets for upper teeth
Forms inferomedial wall of orbit. infraorbital foramen, providing passage for blood vessel to face and nerve receiving sensation from nasal region and cheek.
Forms most of the hard palate seperating nasal and oral cavity, breathing while chewing. hard palate anteriorly (palatine processes horizontal extension), fleshy soft palate. incisive fossa? posteriorly
Maxillary sinus

Question 16

palatine bones

Answer 16

L-shaped bones: horizontal and perpendicular plate (thin, delicate, irregularly shaped plate between nasal cavity and orbit). greater palatine foramen, nerve passage.
articulate w/ maxillae to Form posterior portion of the hard palate
Part of lateral nasal cavity wall
inferior portion of nasal cavity
Part of the orbital floor

Question 17

zygomatic bones

Answer 17

Form angles of cheekbones and part of each lateral orbital wall
inverted T shape zygomaticofacial foramen intersection of stem and crossbar of T. nerve passes to supply skin on prominence of cheek. promienent zygomatic arch flares from each side of the skull formed by union.
form lower part of cheekbones and orbital cavity

Question 18

lacrimal bones

Answer 18

Form part of medial wall of each orbit
Smallest bone of skull
nice groove lacrimal fossa housing lacrimal sac where tears collect and drain

Question 19

nasal bones

Answer 19

Form bridge of nose
Support cartilages that shape lower portion of the nose
Often fractured
inferior nasal contrae-part of ethmoid bone

Question 20

vomer

Answer 20

Inferior half of the nasal septum
w/ ethmoid bone Supports cartilage that forms anterior part of nasal septum
fuse w/ ethmoid bone to create septum

Question 21

mandible

Answer 21

Strongest bone of skull
Provides attachments for muscles of expression and mastication
horizontal portion w/ teeth is body, vertical to oblique is ramus (condylar process w/ mdnibular condyle joining temportal bone forming temporomandibular joint, meeting at angle? joined by mental symphysis at chin

Question 22

auditory ossicles

Answer 22

Three in each middle-ear cavity

Malleus (hammer), incus(leftover axe shape), and stapes (stirrup)

Question 23

fontanelles

Answer 23

spaces between unfused cranial bones joined by fibrous membranes where intramembranous occurs later
Anterior, posterior, sphenoid (anterolateral), and mastoid (posterolateral) fontanels
Two frontal bones fuse by age 6 (metopic suture)
Skull approaches adult size by 8 or 9 years of age

Question 24

hyoid

Answer 24

Does not articulate with any other bone, suspeneded from styloid process of skull w/ greater and lesser horns and the larynx suspended from it.

Question 25

muscles of facial expression function

Answer 25

have to memorize and know all of them associated w/ action Muscles that insert in the dermis and subcutaneous tissues Innervated by facial nerve (CN VII) Found in scalp, forehead, around the eyes, nose, and mouth, and in the neck

Question 26

frontalis-

Answer 26

forehead muscle. elevates eyebrow (surprise or fright) in glancing upward scalp foreward wrinkling skin of forehead

Question 27

corrugator supercilii-

Answer 27

draws eyebrows medially and downward in frowning & concentration, reducing glare of bright sunlight. medial end of eyebrow muscle

Question 28

orbicularis oculi-

Answer 28

sphincter of eyelid surrounding eye, close in blinking, squinting, and sleep, flow of tears

Question 29

nasalis

Answer 29

widens nostrils narrowing internal air passage between nasal cavity. top of nose

Question 30

levator anguli oris-

Answer 30

elevates angle of mouth as in smiling, innermost next to nose of dimples in cheek

Question 31

levator labii

Answer 31

superioris- elevates and everts upper lip in sad, sneering or serious expressions. underneath levator anguli oris most medial.

Question 32

zygomaticus major-

Answer 32

draws angle of mouth upward and laterally in laughing. slightly lateral and directly below buccinator lateral to minor.

Question 33

zygomaticus minor-

Answer 33

elevates upper lip; exposes teeth in smiling or sneering.slightly lateral and directly deep to anguli oris inside dimples lateral to labii superioris

Question 34

risorius-

Answer 34

draws angle of mouth laterally in expressions of laughing, horror, or disdain. from edge of mouth to back of neck.

Question 35

depressor anguli oris-

Answer 35

draws angle of mouth laterally and downward when opening or sad expressions. at outside slightly superior edge of lips wraps around to bottom of jaw

Question 36

depressor labii inferioris-

Answer 36

draws lower lip downward and laterally in chewing and expressions of melancholy or doubt. medial lower outside of lips. from mouth out to lateral underjaw.

Question 37

plastysma-

Answer 37

draws lower lip and angle of mouth downward in expressions of horror or suprise, open mouth widely tensing skin of chin and neck. neck folds

Question 38

mentalis

Answer 38

elevates and protrudes lower lip in drinking, pouting, and doubt or disdain, elecates and wrinkles skin of chin. paired V shaped muscles in chinny chin chin

Question 39

buccinator

Answer 39

- compreses cheek against teeth and gums, direct food between motlars, retracts cheek from teeth when mouth is closing to prevent biting cheek, expels air and liquid from mouth. lateral to zygomatic major and lies partially underneath masseter.

Question 40

orbicularis oris-

Answer 40

encircles mouth, closes lips, protrudes in kissing and speech

Question 41

occipitalis?-

Answer 41

retracts scalp allows frontalis to act on eyebrow

Question 42

levator palpebrae superioris

Answer 42

?elevates upper eyelid, opens eye

Question 43

Four pairs of muscles produce chewing and swallowing movements of the mandible

Answer 43

extrinsic and Instrinsic muscles of tongue Temporalis (across temporal bone) masseter (rectangle across cheek) medial pterygoid, and lateral pterygoid? obicularis oris (muscle around mouth),

Question 44

hyoid muscles (supra and infra)

Answer 44

Innervated by mandibular nerve, a branch of the trigeminal (CN V) suprahyoid group. Aspects of chewing, swallowing, and vocalizing. infra Fix hyoid bone from below, allowing suprahyoid muscles to open mouth Eight pairs of hyoid muscles associated with hyoid bone digastric, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, stylohyoid, omohyoid, sternohyoid, thyrohyoid, sternothryoid

Question 45

Digastric

Answer 45

depresses mandible when hyoid is fixed opens mouth widely when ingesting food or yawning otherwise eleveates hyoid when mandible fixed (different bellies swoops posteriorly to ear through raphe) paired centered medial of chin underneath neck connecting to lateral end of hyoid.

Question 46

geniogolossus

Answer 46

3rd

Question 47

Geniohyoid

Answer 47

2nd. depresses mandible when hyoid fixed, elevates and protracts hyoid when fixed superior & deep. inferior to the genioglossus closes to the bottom of the neck

Question 48

Mylohyoid—

Answer 48

elevates floor of mouth at beginning of swallowing. inner most behind digaastric stright up from medial chin to hyoid bone spans mandible form floor

Question 49

Stylohyoid—

Answer 49

elevates and retracts hyoid. elongating floor of mouth; roles in speech, chewing, and swallowing. medial and superficial to digastric,

Question 50

Omohyoid—

Answer 50

depresses hyoid after elevation. comes down and similar to digastric in loop back towards shoulder

Question 51

Sternohyoid—

Answer 51

depresses hyoid after elevation. sternum to thyroid. medial to omohyoid on either side of trachea

Question 52

Thyrohyoid—

Answer 52

depresses hyoid and elevates larynx. singing high notes. superficial to sternothyroid triangle shaped muscle connecting neck and hyoid. deep to sternohyoid

Question 53

Sternothyroid—

Answer 53

depresses larynx after elevation. swallowing and vocalization aids in singing in low notes. deep to sternohyoid. large muscle in similar position opposite digastric.

Question 54

sternocleidomastoid:

Answer 54

tilts head slightly upward and toward opposite side, rotating left to right, originates behind ear and then goes to sternum and clavicle

Question 55

muscles acting on head functions

Answer 55

``` Originate on vertebral column, thoracic cage, and pectoral girdle Insert on the cranial bones May cause contralateral movement May cause ipsilateral movement Actions Flexion Extension Lateral flexion Rotation ```

Question 56

muscles acting on head?

Answer 56

Neck flexors *Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes Neck extensors Trapezius Splenius capitis (underneath trapezius) Semispinalis capitis (underneath trapezius)

Question 57

cranial nerves

Answer 57

For names of nerves: On old olympus towering tops. or Oh, Oh, Oh, they traveled and found voldemort guarding very secret ancient horcruxes. name for sensory and motor order: some say mind matters but my brother says big bills matter most Originate from brain, can know number or name of individual nerve, need to know every nerve. Brain must communicate with rest of body Most motor fibers of the cranial nerves begin in nuclei of brainstem and lead to glands and muscles Sensory fibers begin in receptors located mainly in head and neck and lead mainly to the brainstem Most cranial nerves carry fibers between brainstem and ipsilateral receptors and effectors Some cranial nerves are classified as motor, some sensory, others mixed. while they may be either sensory or motor they do tend to have some "sensory or motor nerves" in their distinction as well related to their function. mixed is nerves w/ both but different functions

Question 58

sensory cranial nerves

Answer 58

(I, II, and VIII)

Question 59

motor cranial nerves

Answer 59

(III, IV, VI, XI, and XII)

Question 60

mixed cranial nerves

Answer 60

(V, VII, IX, X)

Question 61

olfactory nerve (I)

Answer 61

come out of cribiform plate of ethmoid bone sense of smell, damage causes impaired sense of smell

Question 62

optic nerve (II)

Answer 62

X on underside of brain to two optic nerves, from optic foramen canal to midbrain and thalamus. provides vision, damage can cause blindness in part or all of visual feed

Question 63

oculomotor nerve (III):

Answer 63

From midbrain to levator palpebra suprerioris goes through superior orbital fissure. Controls muscles that turn the eyeball up, down, and medially, as well as controlling the iris, lens, and upper eyelid for contriction and focusing. Damage causes drooping eyelid, dilated pupil, double vision, difficulty focusing, and inability to move eye in certain directions

Question 64

trochlear nerve (IV):

Answer 64

Eye movement (superior oblique muscle). from midbrain through superior orbital fissure superior part of eye helps rotate eye and pulley system Damage causes double vision and inability to rotate eye inferolaterally

Question 65

Trigeminal nerve (V)

Answer 65

Largest cranial nerve, branches into most of face most important sensory nerve of the face, both sensory and motor. senses touch, temperature and pain sensations from upper face w/ the face split in three. Forks into three divisions: Ophthalmic division (V1): sensory infraorbital nerve from superior orbital fissure, Maxillary divisions (V2) superior sensory alveolar nerve from foramen rotundum and infraorbital foramen: Mandibular division (V3) mixed to tongue, teeth, gums, dura materfrom foarmen ovale. if injured loss of feeling through face: mixed. extreme pain if damaged problems w/ feeling and mastication.

Question 66

abducens Nerve (VI):

Answer 66

Provides lateral eye movement (lateral rectus m.) from superior orbital fissue motor. Damage results in inability to rotate eye laterally and at rest, eye rotates medially.

Question 67

facial nerve (VI):

Answer 67

Mixed innervation to facial w/ mastication. Ten (temporal) zebras (Zygomatic) Bit (Buccal) My (Mandibular) Chicken (Cervical) from internal acoustic meatus and stylomastoid foramen Motor—major motor nerve of facial muscles: facial expressions; salivary glands and tear, nasal, and palatine glands. damage can cause drooping on one side. Sensory—taste on anterior two-thirds of tongue. Damage produces sagging facial muscles and disturbed sense of taste (no sweet and salty)

Question 68

how would you test the facial nerve?

Answer 68

Five branches of facial nerve: Clinical test: test anterior two-thirds of tongue with sugar, salt, vinegar, and quinine; test response of tear glands to ammonia fumes; test motor functions by asking subject to close eyes, smile, whistle, frown, raise eyebrows, etc

Question 69

Vestibulocochlear Nerve (VIII):

Answer 69

Nerve of hearing and equilibrium sensory. Damage produces deafness, dizziness, nausea, loss of balance, and nystagmus(involuntary rhythmic oscillation of the eyes) originates cochlea and ear to medulla and pons from internal acoustic meatus.

Question 70

Glossopharyngeal Nerve (IX):

Answer 70

Mixed nerve. Motor: Swallowing, salivating, gagging, controlling BP and respiration. Sensing: taste, touch, pressure, pain, temperature from tongue ear. Sensations from posterior one-third of tongue to medulla oblongate or glands from jugular foarmen. Damage results in loss of bitter and sour taste and impaired swallowing

Question 71

Vagus Nerve (X):

Answer 71

Mixed and is the most extensive distribution of any cranial nerve. Major role in the control of cardiac, pulmonary, digestive, and urinary function. Swallowing, speech, regulation of viscera. Damage causes hoarseness or loss of voice, impaired swallowing, and fatal if both are cut. originates in trachea and thoracic area to medulla oblongata and the various organs it controls through the jugular foramen.

Question 72

Accessory nerve (XI):

Answer 72

Predominantly motor originates from spine through jugular foramen. Swallowing; head, neck, and shoulder movement. Damage causes impaired head, neck and shoulder movement, trapezius and sternocleidomastoid; head turns toward injured side

Question 73

Hypoglossal Nerve (XII):

Answer 73

Tongue movements for speech, food manipulation, and swallowing. from medulla oblongata to tongue through the hypoglossal canal If both are damaged: cannot protrude tongue If one side is damaged: tongue deviates toward injured side; ipsilateralatrophy

Question 74

origin receptor to brain order

Answer 74

1st order-tactostimulus send signal to spinal order and brain. detects stimulus and transmits signal to spinal cord or brainstem 2nd- gateway is thalamus at upper end of brainstem 3rd- to cerebral cortex.

Question 75

decusation

Answer 75

cross over from left side of body to the right, left side brain receives sensory info from right side and sends motor commands to that side and vice versa. contralateral opposite side, ipsalateral same side. ipsalateral- when on same side.

Question 76

nerve tracts

Answer 76

all nerve fibers in a given tract have similar origin or destination in region (brainstem). vertical stalk supports large cerebellum at rear of head, two cerebral hemispheres dominate brain.

Question 77

Gracile fasciculus

Answer 77

on posterior (slightly lateral to posterior median sulcus inner side of ridge) carries signals from mid-thoracic and lower part of body T6 and below lower portion composes w/ cuneate fasciculus. 1st order nerves ipsalateral terminate at medulla oblingata. touch, perception of lower limbs and trunk, shaking, perception, deep touch, visceral pain position and movements of body.

Question 78

Cuneate fasciculus-

Answer 78

(center of ridge lateral to posterior median sulcus and gracile fasciculus) joins the gracile fasciculus and shares function at T6 forcing it medially. carrying signal from T6 (chest) and up end at the medulla oblongata then are carried by second order of gracile and cuneate systems to thalamus, then thalamus to cerebral cortex.

Question 79

Spinothalamic tract

Answer 79

anterior lateral system of anterior and lateral of spinal cord. light touch, tickles, itch, pain, pressure, temperature, and curde touch (vaguely identify). First order neurons end at posterior horn of spinal cord going w/ second-order neurons forming spinothalamic tract to thalamus and up contralaterally.

Question 80

Spinoreticular tract-

Answer 80

anteiror lateral side pain sensors from tissue injury. are first order neurons contralateral synapse w/ second order ends in spinal cord then gray matter of of medulla and pons to thalamus then cerebral cortex opposite system medulla and pons eventually end up in cerebral cortex.

Question 81

Posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellartracts.

Answer 81

anterior and posterior through lateral of spinal cord. first order neurons in muscles and tendons end in posterior horn of spinal cord. second-order to spinocerebellar tract to cerebellum. posterior tract ipsalateral. anterior contralateral end end ipsalateral of cerebellum. provide information for coordinating movement.

Question 82

ascending tracts

Answer 82

``` sensory Gracile fasciculus Cuneate fasciculus- Spinothalamic tract Spinoreticular tract Posterior (dorsal) and anterior (ventral) spinocerebellartracts. - ```

Question 83

descending tracts

Answer 83

``` motor lateral and anterior corticospinal tectospinal medial and lateral reticulospinal medial and lateral vestibulospinal ```

Question 84

corticospinal- (lateral and anterior)

Answer 84

carry from cerebral cortex that include precise and finely coordinated movements.forming ridges (pyramids) on anterior surface of medulla oblongata.

Question 85

tectospinal tract-

Answer 85

begins in anterior midbrain region (tectum) crosses to contralateral side of midbrain down to neck turning head in response to lights and sound.

Question 86

lateral & medial reticualr spinal tract-

Answer 86

originate in reticular region of brain stem controls muscles of upper and lower limbs especially for posture and balance. contain descending analgesic pathways decreasing pain signals to the brain.

Question 87

lateral and medial vistibulospinal tracts-

Answer 87

begins in vistibular nuclei of brain stem impulses for balance from the inner ear controlling head position. passes down to control extensor muscles of limb to stiffen and straighten, to neck controls sensor muscles of limbs for balance control

Question 88

PNS fiber anatomy

Answer 88

ensheathed in Schwann cells (bulging of Scwann cell contains nucleus) forming neurilemma and myelin sheath around exon. external to neurilemma surrounded by basal lamina and thin sleeve of loose connective tissue endoneurium. fibers gathered in fascicles each wrapped in perineurium squamous. several fascicles bundled in epineurium (dense irregular connective tissue protects from stretching and injury)

Question 89

spinal nerves

Answer 89

31 pairs of nerves 8 cervical (1st skull and atlas) rest through intervertebral foramina , 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal.

Question 90

spinal nerve roots and plexuses

Answer 90

``` cervical plexus brachioplexus lumbar plexus- sacral plexus coccygeal- ```

Question 91

cervical plexus,

Answer 91

upper left in yellow supplies neck area innervation to muscles and various structures, phrenic nerve- helps w/ breathing and respiration. C1-C5 roots (dont need to know this one too small of nerves know roots)

Question 92

brachioplexus

Answer 92

armpit axilla innervating upper limb and torso. C5-T1, note C8 between C7 and T1. know kind of by region more distal branches,all mixed. consist of: musculocutaneous, axillary, radial, median, and ulnar

Question 93

lumbar plexus-

Answer 93

along w/ sacral plexus abdominal wall, anterior thigh and genitalia. anterior thigh and leg.

Question 94

sacral plexus & coccygeal-

Answer 94

sensory from bones, muscles, skin, stimulate muscle contraction. procreoception, understanding where your body is in space. sacral one very end rest of lower limb leg and posterior hamstring posterior thigh and lateral and medial thigh sciatic nerve.

Question 95

phrenic nerve

Answer 95

travels down each side of mediastinum, innervates the diaphragm, playing an essential role in breathing c5

Question 96

musculotaneous nerve

Answer 96

originates on lateral side innervates at skin of anterolateral forearm and elbow joint innervating brachilais, biceps bracchi, and coracobrachialis

Question 97

axillary nerve

Answer 97

(and scapular to shoulder)- originates on posterior innervating on skin of lateral shoulder and arm and shoulder joint. muscles are deltoid and teres minor

Question 98

radial nerve

Answer 98

(extensors of arm and forearm) originates on posterior innervates skin of posterior arm, lateral forearm and wrist, joints of elbow, rist, and hand. main extensor muscle of posterior arm and forearm

Question 99

median nerve

Answer 99

(hand)- lateral and medial innervates skin of lateral two-thirds of hand, tips of digits 1-4 and joints of hand controlling mainly forearm flexors thenar group and lumbricals I&2 of hand

Question 100

ulnar nerve

Answer 100

originates medially innervates on skin of palmar and medial hand and digits 3-5 joints of elbow and hand some forearm flexors, adductor pollicis, hypothenar group, interosseus muescles, and lumbricals III-5

Question 101

femoral-

Answer 101

mixed skin of anterior, medial, and lateral thigh and knee, skin of medial leg and foot, hip and knee joints to illiacus, pectinues, quadriceps femoris, and sartoritus muscles

Question 102

femoral cutaneous.

Answer 102

somatosensory skin of anterior and upper lateral thigh

Question 103

obturator-

Answer 103

mixed nerve innervates at skin of medial thigh hip and knee joints obturator externus medial adductor thigh muscles

Question 104

major landmarks on ethmoid-

Answer 104

cribriform plate (entrance for nerve 1 olfactory nerve)

Question 105

major landmarks on sphenoid

Answer 105

- optic canal (optic nerve 2), superior orbital fissuure (oculomotor 3, trochlear 4, ophthalmic 5, abducens 6), foramen rotundum (maxillary V2), foramen ovale (mandibular V3)

Question 106

major landmarks on temporal

Answer 106

internal acoustic meatus (facial 7, vestibulocochlear 8), stylomastoid foramen

Question 107

major landmarks on temporal/occipital

Answer 107

(articulated) jugular fossa/foramen (glosopharyngel 9, vagus 10, acessory 11)

Question 108

major landmarks on occipital

Answer 108

hypoglossal canal (hypoglossal 12)

Question 109

Major Landmarks of Brain:

Answer 109

cerebrum, cerebellum, brainstem defined by caudal- toward tale or back end, rostral forehead and face

Question 110

cerebrum

Answer 110

(seperates into two hemispheres by longitudinal fissure at bottom connected by corpus collosum) 83% of brain volume w/ thick folds gyri and shallow grooves sulci

Question 111

cerebellum

Answer 111

(posterior cranial fossa, inferior to cerebrum seperated by transverse cerebral fissure, sulci, and folia (lined part) 10% of volume 50% of neurons

Question 112

brain stem

Answer 112

(connects to the spinal cord) include diencephalon, midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

Question 113

Gray matter

Answer 113

—the seat of neurosomas, dendrites, and synapses. outer part is cortex over cerebrum and cerebellum

Question 114

White matter

Answer 114

—deeper masses nuclei surrounded by white matter on inside like butterfly opposite of spinal cord. tracts or bundles of axons connecting parts of brain and spinal cord

Question 115

meninges of brain

Answer 115

skin, periosteum, cranium, dura matter, arachnoid (transparent spidery webby type w/ subarachnoid from pia w/ blood vessels and subdural space from dura ), pia mater (encompassing brain so much cant seperate from other two).

Question 116

structure of ear include

Answer 116

``` outer ear auditory canal guard hairs tympanic membrane inner ear earwax auditory tube auditory ossicles ```

Question 117

outer ear-

Answer 117

orricle direct sound down auditory oricell

Question 118

auditory canal

Answer 118

acoustic meatus passage through temporal bone to tympanic membrane

Question 119

guard hairs

Answer 119

- protection | middle ear- air filled cavity and tympanic bone middle part of anal.

Question 120

tympanic membrane

Answer 120

eardrum closes and seperates auditory canal. innervated by sensory branches of vagus adn trigeminal nerve sensitive to pain. madtoid ear cells help w/ picking up molecule vibrations

Question 121

nner ear

Answer 121

- far to right to cochlea

Question 122

earwax-

Answer 122

extra layer of protection nothing supposed to get to eardrum isnt supposed to get down there

Question 123

auditory tube

Answer 123

connects middle ear to nasal pharynxequalize pressure swallowing and yawning open throat infections to middle ear

Question 124

auditory ossicles-

Answer 124

connected on ear bones. malleus (long handle attached to inferior part of membrane head of mallet) incus (articulates w/ other two), stapes (stirrup) footlote resting on oval window.

Question 125

structures of eye

Answer 125

Sight: need to identify all of the muscles on the eye... cornea- transparent anterior cover, pupil round black spot in middle, iris color portion in pupil, mescular- white protion in eye, lens- not testing fibers tightly compressed and held by ciliar bodys and changes shape to help focus the light. abducens, trocchlear, oculomotor, ex. image of one eye inward and cranial nerve and muscle malfunctioning???