Lab Exam 3

Question 1

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

evolution (definition)

Answer 1

occurs when the genetic composition of a population changes over time.

5 factors play a role in evolution under Hardy-Weinberg law.

Question 2

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

population (definition)

Answer 2

localized group of interbreeding species members

Question 3

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

genotype (definition)

Answer 3

the genetic composition of an individual is its genotype

Question 4

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

genotype frequency (definition)

Answer 4

fraction of a population w/ a particular genotype

of individuals w/ the genotype/# of individuals in the population

Question 5

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

allele (definition)

Answer 5

each gene variant is a particular allele

Question 6

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

allele frequency (definition)

Answer 6

fraction of a particular allele in a population’s gene pool

of allele/gene pool

Question 7

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

gene pool (definition)

Answer 7

entire collection of alleles in a population

total # of individual alleles in the population

Question 8

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

5 assumptions for genetic equilibrium in a population

Answer 8

1) population must be so large that chance alone cannot significantly alter allele frequencies
2) populations must be isolated so none of its members may leave (emigrate), nor may the population be joined by organisms from elsewhere (immigration)
3) the choice of mates must be entirely random
4) there must be no genetic mutations
5) there must be no natural selection

Question 9

Hardy-Weinberg lab:

in real populations, are all assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium ever met? Why or why not?

Answer 9

No; populations are rarely isolated, mutation is always at work, natural selection is always at work

Question 10

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants (definition)

Answer 10

eukaryotic autotrophs that use chlorophylls a and b to carry out photosynthesis. Also has carotenoids

cell walls made of cellulose

reproduce thru gametes (egg and sperm)

Question 11

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

gametes

Answer 11

egg and sperm

Question 12

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

gametes fuse to form ___

Answer 12

zygote

Question 13

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

___ fuse to form zygote

Answer 13

gametes

Question 14

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the zygote contains ___ sets of ___, one from sperm and one from egg

Answer 14

2 sets of chromosomes

Question 15

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

when there are 2 chromosomes of each type in a cell, the cell is ___

Answer 15

diploid

Question 16

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

when there are ___ of each type in a cell, the cell is diploid

Answer 16

2 chromosomes

Question 17

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the diploid zygote multiplies via ___

Answer 17

mitosis

Question 18

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the ___ ___ multiplies via mitosis

Answer 18

diploid zygote

Question 19

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

all the cells that arise from a zygote via mitotic cell division are ___

Answer 19

diploid

Question 20

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the multicellular, diploid plant that grows from the zygote is called a ___

Answer 20

sporophyte

Question 21

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

the ___, ___ plant that grows from the zygote is called a sporophyte

Answer 21

multicellular, diploid

Question 22

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

sporophyte (definition)

Answer 22

the multicellular, diploid plant that grows form the zygote

Question 23

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

sporophytes reproduce using ___ egg and sperm

Answer 23

haploid egg and sperm

Question 24

plant and animal diversity lab:

green plants:

diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (detailed):

Answer 24

1) produce spores via meiosis
2) haploid spore cell grows thru mitotic division –> produces a haploid plant (multicellular body of haploid cells) –> gametophyte produces gametes (haploid) via mitosis

Question 25

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: gametophyte

Answer 25

haploid plant

Question 26

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: diploid sporophytes make haploid gametes thru 2 steps (summary):

Answer 26

1) sporophyte produces spores thru meiosis | 2) gametophyte produces gametes thru mitosis

Question 27

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: alternation of generations:

Answer 27

in plant's life cycle: alternation b/n: diploid, spore-producing phase and haploid, gamete-producing phase

Question 28

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: chlorophytes are ___ example of chlorophytes

Answer 28

green algae Chlamydomonas Spirogyra

Question 29

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: chlorophytes (properties)

Answer 29

unicellular embryos (other members of plant kingdom have multicellular embryos) live on land, freshwater, or sea

Question 30

plant and animal diversity lab: chlamydomonas (category and properties)

Answer 30

type of chlorophyte -- green algae type of green plant unicellular embryos live on land, freshwater, or sea

Question 31

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: spirogyra (properties)

Answer 31

type of chlorophyte -- green algae type of green plant unicellular embryos live on land, freshwater, or sea

Question 32

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophytes are the ___ examples of nontracheophytes

Answer 32

simplest of land plants liverworts (ex. Marchantia) and mosses (ex. Polytrichum)

Question 33

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophyte (properties)

Answer 33

live in moist habitats on land small and have some water-conducting tissue lack tracheids (specialized tissue for water transport w/n the plant)

Question 34

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophyte: ___ are the most common nontracheophytes

Answer 34

mosses

Question 35

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophyte: moss: the ___ generation of moss is somewhat more prominent than its ___ generation

Answer 35

gametophyte generation is more prominent than sporophyte generation

Question 36

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophyte: moss: the sporophyte consist of a ___ the gametophyte is the ___

Answer 36

sporophyte: stalk topped w/ a capsule full of spores gametophyte: leafy part that is characteristic of moss

Question 37

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: nontracheophyte: in Marchantia (a liverwort), the gametophyte is more prominent and is ___-shaped

Answer 37

lobe-shaped

Question 38

plant and animal diversity lab: Marchantia (category and properties)

Answer 38

type of liverwort type of nontracheophyte -- simplest of land plants type of green plant lobe-shaped gametophyte lives in moist habitats on land lack tracheids

Question 39

plant and animal diversity lab: Polytrichum (category and properties)

Answer 39

type of moss type of nontracheophyte -- simplest of land plants type of green plant leafy gametophyte lives in moist habitats on land lack tracheids

Question 40

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophyte plants are ___ examples of tracheophytes

Answer 40

much better adapted for terrestrial (land) habitats than are nonvascular plants lycophytes (club mosses) pterophytes seed-bearing vascular plants trees that grow as tall as 100 meters from ground

Question 41

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophyte (properties)

Answer 41

have transport systems to: carry water from the soil to all parts of the plants conduct nutrients made by some parts of the plant to other parts of the plant

Question 42

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: lycophytes are ___ and a category of ___ examples of lycophytes

Answer 42

lycophytes are club mosses and a category of tracheophytes Selaginella

Question 43

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: lycophytes (properties)

Answer 43

have roots, stems, and leaves have vascular system to provide transport leaves of lycophytes (lycophylls) have only 1 unbranced vein sporophyte produces a club-shaped reproductive structure called a strobilus at the top of plant that produces spores

Question 44

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: lycophylls (definition and properties)

Answer 44

leaves of lycophytes lycophylls have only 1 unbranched vein

Question 45

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: euphylls (definition and properties)

Answer 45

leaves of fern and seed plants euphylls have branched veins

Question 46

plant and animal diversity lab: selaginella (category and properties)

Answer 46

type of lycophyte (club moss) type of tracheophyte type of green plant live on land have roots, stems, leaves, and vascular system for transport lycophyll leaves have only 1 unbranched vein have strobilus, a club-shaped reproductive structure at top of plant that produces spores

Question 47

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: pterophytes are a category of ___ types of pterophytes

Answer 47

tracheophytes types of pterophytes: whisk ferns ferns

Question 48

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: pterophytes: whisk ferns are ___ examples of pterophytes

Answer 48

simple vascular plants example: Psilotum

Question 49

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: pterophytes: whisk ferns (properties)

Answer 49

lack leaves don't really have roots have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant

Question 50

plant and animal diversity lab: psilotum (category and properties)

Answer 50

type of whisk fern type of pterophyte type of tracheophyte type of green plant simple vascular plant no leaves and don't really have roots have a primitive vascular system composed of xylem and phloem that is restricted to the stem of the plant

Question 51

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: pterophytes: ferns have very well ___ ferns typically live in ___

Answer 51

developed vascular systems relatively moist habitats

Question 52

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: pterophytes: fern (properties)

Answer 52

very well developed vascular systems have fronds (leafy structures) from sporophyte generation the underside of fronds have sori (reproductive structures) -- produce spores that become the gametophyte sperm produced in the gametophyte must swim from the antheridia to the archegonia

Question 53

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: seed-bearing vascular plants are ___ adapted of all plants to terrestrial existence

Answer 53

best adapted to terrestrial existence

Question 54

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: seed-bearing vascular plant (properties)

Answer 54

very well developed vascular system can handle water gathering and distribution development of seeds gives distinct advantage to living on land

Question 55

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: seed-bearing vascular plants: how do seeds help plants live on land?

Answer 55

sporophyte generation can use seeds to suspend its development for long periods of time before resuming

Question 56

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: seed-bearing vascular plants: 2 major groups of seed-bearing plants

Answer 56

gymnosperms | angiosperms

Question 57

plant and animal diversity lab: green plants: tracheophytes: seed-bearing vascular plants: gymnosperms (examples)

Answer 57

coniferophyta -- pine trees w/ pine cones cycadophyta -- palm-like leaves ginkgophyta -- fan-shaped leaves