Lab Exam 3: Neuro/ Sensory Flashcards
(148 cards)
1
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Meninges
B.Dura Mater
C.Arachnoid Mater
D.Pia Mater
E.Gray Matter
F.Posterior Honr
G.Gray Commissure
H.Lateral Horn
I. Anterior Horn
J.White Matter
K.Posterior Column
L.Lateral Column
M.Anterior Column
N.Central Canal
O.Posterior Root of Spinal Cord
P.Posterior Root of Ganglion
Q.Spinal Nerve
2
Q
Meninges
A
Connective tissue membrane that protects the Brain & Spinal Cord.
Made up of three layers:
pia mater
arachnoid mater
dura mater
3
Q
Pia Mater
A
Innermost Layer- thin layer tha attaches tightly to the spinal cord
4
Q
Arachnoid Mater
A
Fibrous middle layer of the meninges
5
Q
Dura Mater
A
Outermost Layer: thick and tough/ resistant for protection
6
Q
Subarachnoid
A
Layer that lies between the pia mater and the arachnoid mater
7
Q
Subdural Space
A
Meninges layer that lies between the Dura Mater and Arachnoid Mater
8
Q
Spinal Cord vs Brain Anatomy: White & Gray Matter
A
Spinal Cord: White Mater surrounds the Gray Matter
Brain: Gray Matter surrounds the White Matter
9
Q
What gives gray matter it’s appearance ?
A
Grey matter contains clusters of cell bodies of neurons which gives it the color
10
Q
Anterior vs Posterior Root Of Spinal Nerve
A
Anterior Root of Spinal Nerve = motor neurons (exits the anterior horn)
Posterior Root = sensory neurons (enters the posterior horn)
11
Q
Spinal Nerve Structure
A
roots of the anterior and posterior join together
12
Q
A
13
Q
Posterior Root Ganglion & Bump: Sensory & Motor Neurons
A
- Bump is formed because a ton of sensory neuron bodies exist here
- Most motor neuron bodies are in the spinal cord
14
Q
Gray Commisure
A
Connects two halves of the spinal cord
15
Q
Central Canal of Spinal Cord
A
Opening between the gray commissure
Cerebral Spinal Fluid (CSF) forms within the central canal
16
Q
Reflex Definition
A
Quick, programmed, involuntary response to a stimulus
17
Q
Reflex Arc Steps
A
- Stimulus
- Sensory Neuron (Afferent = towards/ in)
- Integrating Center (located w/n Grey Matter)- sensory communicates with motor
- Motor Neuron (Efferent= Exit)
- Effector (ie: muscle or gland) gets fired/ activated ie: smoke in the room casues lacrimal gland to cause tears
18
Q
Monosynpatic Relfex
A
Direct synapse between sensory and motor
19
Q
Polysynaptic Relfex
A
Complex circuit with interneurons in the integration center ie: extension or withdrawal reflex
20
Q
Interneuron
A
Carry out more sophisticated process- allows for branched networks- more communication
21
Q
Number of cranial nerve pairs
A
12
22
Q
Cranial Nerve I
A
Olfactory= smell (sensory)
23
Q
II
A
Optic - Vision (sensory)
24
Q
III
A
Oculormotor (Motor): movement of eyeball, pupil constriction
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IV
Trochlear (motor)- downward/ lateral movement of eye
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V
Trigeminal (Motor & Sensory)- Masetter Motor Movement & Sensory of Face
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VI
Abducens (motor) movement of eyeball laterally
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VII
Facial (sensory and motor): front part of the tongue (sensory) and facial movements (motor)
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VIII
Vestibulocochlear Nerve- hearing & balance
30
IX
Glossopharyngeal (sensory and motor) - taste for posterior third of tongue AND swallowing
31
X
Vagus (sensory and motor)- visceral organ (stomach, intestine, urinary, heart, respiratory)
32
XI
Accessory Nerve (Motor)- back, neck, head, shoulders- shrug shoulders or turn neck
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XII
Hypoglossal (motor)- movement of tongue
34
3 Main Part of Brain
- Cerebrum
- Cerebellum
- Brainstem
35
Central Sulcus
separate frontal and parietal
36
Frontal Lobe Function
higher brain power (reasoning, logic, behavior, judge, prepare)
37
Parietal Lobe Function
Sensory
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Lateral Sulcus
temporal, frontal, parietal separated
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Parieto-occipital sulcus
separate parietal and occipital lobes
40
Fissures
Thicker/ Wider/ Deeper Grooves
41
Transverse Fissure
Separates Cerebrum and Cerebelum
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Longitudinal Fissure
separate left and right hemispheres
43
Name these structures
A.Cingulate Gyrus
B.Corpus Callosum
C.Frontal Lobe
D.Thalamus
E.Anterior Commissure
F.Hypothalamus
G.Optic Chiasm
H.Pituitary Gland
I/J.Temporal Lobe
K.Midbrain
L.Pons
M.Medulla Oblongata
N. Central Sulcus
O.Parietal Lobe
P.Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Q.Occipital Lobe
R.Pineal Gland
S.Posterior Commissure
T.Cerebral Acqueduct
U.Fourth Ventricle
V.Cerebellum
1. Lateral Ventricle
2. Third Ventricle
3. Fourth Ventricle
W.Choroid Process
44
Name these structures
L. I- Olfactory Nerve
F.II- Optic Nerve
N. III-Ocularmotor
M. IV- Trochlear Nerve
J/E/D.V- Trigeminal Nerve
G. VI-Abducens Nerve
K. VII- Facial Nerve
B. VIII.Vestibulolocochlear Nerve
I. IX.Glossopharyngeal Nerve
C. X. Vagus Nerve
H.XI- Accessory Nerve
A.XII.Hypoglossol Nerve
45
Structures found in third ventricle
Thalamus, Pineal Gland
46
CSF Function
Provides nutrients, oxygen, electrolytes to brain and spinal cord AND removes waste
47
CSF Flow in Ventricles
Flows downward through ventricles via cilia embedded in epidymal cells. Pressure differences also help assist in the flow of CSF
48
Pineal Gland Function
Produces Melatonin
49
Hypothalamus Function
Controller of the endocrine system
50
Cerebellum and Alcohol
Cerebellum is a responsible for balance of body and alcohol can distrupt its function
51
Brain Stem Parts
1. midbrain
2. Pons- largest part of brainstem
3. Medulla Oblongata or Medulla
52
Superior Colliculus
Posterior bump of midbrain- involved in visual reflexes
53
Inferior Colliculus
Posterior bump of the midbrain- responsible for auditory reflexes
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Choroid Plexus
Capillaries within the ventricles
55
Cerebral Acueduct
Small channel between the 3rd and 4th ventricles
56
Central Canal
Travels down from brain to spinal cord
57
Cerebellum: Structure & Function
Structure: has striations/ white lines called arbor vitae (white matter- nerve fibers or axons)
Function: regulates or coordinates movement and balance
58
Accessory Structures of Eye Function
Protect and Assist the eye
59
Name these structures
A.Optic Nerve
B.Trochlea
C.Superior Oblique
D.Superior Rectus
E.Medial Rectus
F.Lateral Rectus
G.Inferior Oblique
H.Inferior Rectus
I.Superior Oblique
J.Superior Rectus
K.Inferior Rectus
L.Levator Palpebrae Superioris
M.Trochlear Nerve (IV)
N.Abducens Nerve(VI)
O. Oculomotor Nerve (III)
P.Superior Oblique Muscle
Q.Lateral Rectus Muscle
R. Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle
S.Superior Rectus Muscle
T.Medial Rectus Muscle
U.Inferior Rectus Muscle
V.Inferior Oblique Muscle
60
How to identidy which eye you're looking at ?
See position of the nasal cavity (located medially)
61
Eye Extrinsic Muscle Function
Movement of the eye
62
Blinking Function
Lubricate the eye
63
Rectus
Straight Muscle
64
Oblique
Curved muscle will allow for two move simultaneously
65
Abducts
Laterally
66
Oculomotor Nerve Innervates what Muscles?
* Levator Palpebrae Superioris: inserts into upper eyelid and allows for blinking
* Superior Rectus: look straight up
* Medial Rectus: look medial
* Inferior Rectus: look straight down
* Inferior Oblique: upward & laterally
67
Levator Palpebrae Superioris Function
Inserts into upper eyelid and allows for blinking
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Superior Rectus Function
look straight up
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Medial Rectus Function
Look Medially
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Inferior Rectus Function
Look straight down
71
Inferior Oblique Function
Upward & Laterally
72
Trochlear Nerve Innervates which muscles ?
Superior Oblique: downward & laterally
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Superior Oblique Function
Downward & laterally
74
Abducens Nerve Innervates Which Muscle ?
Lateral Rectus: Laterally or Outward
75
Lateral Rectus Muscle Movement
Laterally or Outward
76
Lacrimal Apparatus Function
Group/ unit of various small structures involved in producing and distributing tears
77
Lacrimal Apparatus Step Process
1. Lacrimal Gland – produce tears and flow on the surface of the eyeballs (it can because the eyeball is curved). Ton of production of tears will lead to flow on the outer corner of eye.
2. Lacrimal Punctum: funnels that capture the tears
3. Lacrimal Canals: canals or holes where the tears flow down
4. Lacrimal Sac: captures and contains the tears. Transports down nasolacrimal duct.
5. Nasolacrimal Duct: chamber that connects lacrimal sac to nose
78
Name these structures
A.Frontal Bone
B.Levator Palpebrae Superioris Muscle
C.Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
D.Superior Rectus Muscle
E.Tarsal Plate
F.Tarsal Glands
G.Cornea
H.Conjunctiva
I.Lateral Rectus Muscle
J.Inferior Rectus Muscle
K.Lacrimal Gland
L.Ducts
M.Lacrimal Sac
N.Lacrimal Punctum
O.Lacrimal Canaliculus
P.Nasolacrimal Duct
Q.Inferior Meatus of Nasal Cavity
R.Nostril
79
Lacrimal Caruncle Function
produces a whitish oil that lubricates eye during sleep . Will be crusty in the morning.
80
Palpebral - what is this ?
Eyelids
81
Orbicularis Oculi Muscle
Helps open and close eyelids quickly/ tightly- voluntary muscle . It also helps assist in faciliating flow of tears within the lacrimal apparatus
82
Pupil Appearance
Looks black because inside of eye is dark
83
Eyelash Function
Help protect eye from debris, light, etc
84
Iris Structure & Function
Pigmented ; Smooth Muscles exist within that opens and closes the pupil.
Oculomotor Oculomotor nerve innervates the smooth muscles within the iris.
85
Albinism Iris Color
People with albinism have an unpigmented eye- looks red because of blood vessel.
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87
Drugs & Iris
Drugs can change the size of pupil
88
Sclera Structure & Function
White of the eyes that contain shape of eye. Covered by thin mucous membrane
89
Conjunctiva
Wet slimy membranes that covers part of sclera and inner eyelids that they protect the eyeballs.
Two parts: Ocular/ Bulbar Conjunctiva and Palpebral Conjuctiva
90
Ocular/ Bulbar Conjunctiva
Covers anterior surface of eyeball. Infection can cause this area to be red
91
Palpebral Conjunctiva
Lines the Inner surface of eyelids
92
Name these structures ?
A.Eyebrow
B.Superior Palpebral Sulcus
C.Palpebral Fissure
D.Lacrimal Caruncle
E.Medial Commissure
F.Inferior Palpebral Sulcus
G.Pupil
H.Iris
I.Eyelashes
J.Lateral Commissure
K.Sclera
L.Tarsal Plate
93
Name these structures
A.Sclera
B.Choroid
C.Retina
D.Macula Lutea
E.Fovea Centralis
F.Optic Disc (Blind Spot)
G.Optic Nerve
H.Central Artery & Vein of Retina
I.Ora Serrata
J.Cilliary Body
K.Suspensory Ligament
L.Iris
M.Cornea
N.Pupil
O.Lens
P.Anterior Chamber (Acqueous Humor)
Q.Posterior Chamber (Vitreous Humor)
R.Hyaloid Canal
S.Vitreous Body
94
Sclera
White of eyeball that shapes eye
95
Cornea
Anterior part of eye- protective layer
96
Lens
Bi-convex transparent lens- refracts the incoming light, it – important so it can converge and land on retina- is bi-convex. Lens also seperates two different cavities.
97
Anterior Cavity
Exists between lens and cornea; Filled with watery like fluid called Aqueous Humor or Fluid; helps maintain intraocular pressure.
98
Posterior Cavity
Behind the lens; Filled with Vitreous Humor or Fluid – thicker like gel – helps maintain intraocular pressure.
99
Iris
Middle layer- changes sizes to control the amount of light in – people that are albino will have no pigment and will appear red because of blood vessels
100
Cilliary Body
Contains smooth muscle which pulls and changes shape of the lens
101
Choroid
Gives eyeball structure and thickness (sclera is thicker, more resistant, and tough)
102
Retina
Has photoreceptors that process what we see
103
Macula Lutea
Small area on retina that gives clearest picture and vision of object you’re looking at
104
Optic Disc
AKA Blind Spot
Area that consists of nerve fibers – does not have photoreceptors .. does not give us any visual perception
105
Cavity vs Chamber
Cavity is larger and contains chambers
106
What is intraocular pressure ?
Important to maintain shape of eyeball
Too much pressure: glaucoma can lead to blindness
107
Retina maginified appearance
Retina is multi-layered – looks like layered cake. Has photoreceptor cells (cones and rods) . these photoreceptors converge to form the optic nerve that will pass through the optic disc
108
Eye Diagnostic Tests
* Blind Spot Test- disruption of blind spot – can indicate damage of optic nerve or area of the retina or blood vessels, etc.
* Opthalmoscope – used to look into someone’s eye
* Snellen Chart – testing visual sharpness – chart with letters
* Astigmatism Chart- testing for health/ shape/ curvature of lens or cornea. Stare at center of the chart and check for clarity of lines.
* Ishihara Test- color blindness test
109
Blind Spot Test
Disruption of blind spot – can indicate damage of optic nerve or area of the retina or blood vessels, etc.
110
Opthalmoscope
used to look into someone’s eye
111
Snellen Chart
Testing visual sharpness – chart with letters
112
Astigatism Chart
Testing for health/ shape/ curvature of lens or cornea. Stare at center of the chart and check for clarity of lines.
113
Ishihara Test
Color blindness test
114
Ear main divisions
* Outer or External
* Middle
* Inner
115
Auricle/ Pinna
made of elastic cartilage- pulling will lead to recoiling
116
Auditory Canal
AKA: External Auditory/ Acoustic Meatus
Glands within produce cerumen – lubricates canal, keeps moisture, debris, or bugs out
117
Tympanic membrane
AKA Ear Drum
Vibrates & causes middle ear bones to move
118
Tympanic Cavity
Pressure can build up here. There is a small canal that can relieve this pressure into the auditory or the eusatchian tube
119
Auditory Tube
AKA: Pharyngotympanic, or Eustachian Tube
Feeds off the tympanic cavity ; communicates the middle ear with the throat
120
Auditory Ossicles
* Tiny bones of 3 types: malleus (club in shape), incus, stapes
* Malleus (club in shape) attached to inner surface of the tympanic membrane and attaches to the incus
* Incus (Wrench/ Hook shape)
* Stapes (Fork in shape): base is ovular in shape that covers a window in the inner ear. It punches in and out of the oval window and causes fluid to flow
121
Oval Window
* Fluid in here flows as a response to movement of stapes
122
Cochlea
inside sensory nerves with hair that detect movement of fluid to process hearing
123
Semicircular Ducts or Canals
ring is shape – help sense balance. Gel inside help stimulate structures that establish balance.
124
Vestibule
look like fibers- help sense balance
125
Round Window
Surrounded by membrane- prevents pressure build up by acting like a valve
126
What does the Vestibular Nerve Innervate ?
the vestibule and semicircular ducts
127
What does the cochlear nerve innervate ?
cochlea
128
Ear Diagnostic Tests
* Rinne Test: tested with tuning fork and assess hearing quality or degree of deafness – put it on their mastoid process
* Weber Test: tested with tuning fork and the middle top of head- test hearing and equality of both sides
129
Balance Diagnostic Test
* Romberg Test: close eyes, stand in certain position, and see if there are any response. A lot of swaying may mean you have some loss of balance & damage to structure in the inner ear OR the cerebellum- sense of the balance- sends nerve fibers to the vestibular apparatus
130
Deafness
any loss of hearing
131
Deafness Types
1. Conduction Deafness
2. Sensory Neural Deafness
132
Conduction Deafness
problems that block sound waves into the inner ear OR damaged tympanic membrane (trauma, blasts, loud sounds can cause issues with membrane) OR damaged ossicles/ bones OR excess fluid or puss build up OR inflammation due to bacterial infection. Clogged ear canals (objects, ear wax, etc)- temporary and can be resolved
133
Sensory Neural Deafness
more severe/ permanent and often can’t be resolved; damage to structures within the cochlea- infection, trauma, loud noise, etc. ie: nerves, receptors, etc. There are cochlea nerve implants
134
What does touch rely on ?
sensory receptors in the skin, muscles, and organ
135
Touch Stimuli
Touch
Vibration
Chemicals
Stretching
Temperature
136
Different types of touch receptors
1. Mechanoreceptors: touch, vibration, pressure, stretch
2. Thermoreceptors: detect temperature changes
3. Pain Receptors aka nocioreceptors
4. Chemoreceptors: perceives chemicals or cause irritation ie: alcohol, spice, etc .
137
Gustation
sense of taste and can detect flavors
138
Basic Flavors
Sweet
Sour
Bitter
Saltiness
Umami
139
Pappilae
craters or bumps on tongue that contain clusters of taste buds
140
Taste Buds
neural sensory cells that detect chemicals & send signals down nerve to brain
141
Taste & Cranial Nerves
Facial Nerve (anterior 2/3) & glossopharyngeal Nerve (posterior third) innervates the tongue
142
Olfaction
sense of smell , detects odorants in the root of the nasal cavity
143
Olfactory Mucosa or epithelium
contain olfactory cells that have receptors that detect odorants
144
Olfactory Bulb
where all the axons of the olfactory nerve/ tract bundle
145
Name these structures
A.Helix
B.Auricle
C.Tympanic Membrane
D.Auditory Canal
E.Lobule
F.Ossicles
G.Stapes
H.Incus
I.Malleus
J.Semicircular Ducts
K.Oval Window
L.Vestibular Nerve
M.Cochlear Nerve
N.Vestibule
O.Cochlea
P.Round Window
Q.Tympanic Cavity
R.Tensor Tympani Muscle
S.Auditory Tube
1. Outer Ear
2. Middle Ear
3. Inner Ear
146
Name these structures
A. Papillae
B.Papillae
C.Papillae
D.Papilla
1. Glossopharyngeal Nerve
2. Facial Nerve
E.Taste Pour
F.Taste Bud
G.Papillae
H.Taste Buds
I.Sensory Nerve Fibers
J.Taste Cell
K.Taste Pore
L. Tongue Epithelium
147
Name this strucutre
Olfactory Mucosa
148
Name these structures
A. White Matter
B.Grey Matter
C.Dorsal Horn
D.Dorsal Root Ganglion
E.Sensory Neuron (Afferent Nerve)
F.Sensory Receptor
G.Stimuli
H.Ventral Horn
I. Interneuron
J.Ventral Root
K.Motor Neuron (Efferent Nerve)
L.Effector
