Week 6: Bones (Tissues & Skeletal System) Flashcards

Question

Osteoblasts

Answer 1

* Growing pre-teen bone cells * Synthesize bone matrix (ostioid) for bone growth AND deposit calcium into matrix to harden the bone * actively mitotic

Answer 2

* Adult Bone Cells * Monitors and maintains bone * Detects and responds to increased mechanical stress/ damage on bones by communicating with osteoblasts/ osteoclasts; this allows for bones to remodel when stressed or fractured.

Answer 3

* Derived from the same homatopoetic stem cells as macrophages * Help break down/ dissolve bone in bone resorption * Breaking down bone for various reasons * Maintain Calcium Homeostasis: can be a response to low calcium level (important to recycle for cardiac processes and neurotransmission) * Remodels Old Bone to ensure durability and proper functioning

Answer 4

tiny cavities where osteocytes reside

Answer 5

little channels that connect lacunae

Answer 6

- Matrix of osseous tissue is, by dry weight, about one-third organic and two-thirds inorganic matter 1. Organic matter—synthesized by osteoblasts - Collagen, carbohydrate–protein complexes, such as glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins 2. Inorganic matter - 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt) - 10% calcium carbonate - Other minerals (fluoride, sodium, potassium, magnesium)

Answer 7

1. Osteon: unit of bone 2. Central Canal (medullary cavity) - opening in the center of the osteon - carries blood vessles and nerves 3.Perforating (Volkmann's) Canal: 4. Lacunae: - Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) - Arranged in concentric rings 5. Lamellae - Rings around the central canal - Sites of lacunae 6. Canaliculi - Tiny canals - Radiate from the central canal to lacunae - Form a transport system

Answer 8

1.Structure: Spongy bone consists of: -Lattice of bone covered with endosteum (no periosteum) -Slivers of bone called spicules -Thin plates of bone called trabeculae -Spaces filled with red bone marrow -Few osteons and no central canals -All osteocytes close to bone marrow 2. Function: Provides strength with minimal weight - Trabeculae develop along bone’s lines of stress

Answer 9

soft tissue occupying marrow cavities of long bones and small spaces of spongy bone 1. Red 2. Yellow

Answer 10

- Also called Myeloid Tissue - Contains hemopoietic tissue—produces blood cells - In nearly every bone in a child - In adults, found in skull, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, part of pelvic girdle, and proximal heads of humerus and femur

Answer 11

* Found in adults * Fatty marrow that does not produce blood * Can transform back to red marrow in the event of chronic anemia * Function: Storage of fat and production of red blood cell in life threatening situations

Answer 12

the formation of bone

Answer 13

1.Intramembranous ossification * Woven bone is formed WITHOUT cartliage- derives from mesenchyme * Produces flat bones of skull and clavicle in fetus * Thickens long bones throughout life 2.Endochondral ossification (interstitual growth) * Formed from cartliage matrix (made by chondrocytes) * Leads to development of most bones in body

Answer 14

1. Deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic messenchyme 2. Calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteocytes 3. Honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum 4. Filling of space to form compact bone

Answer 15

- During infancy and childhood, the epiphyses fill with spongy bone - Cartilage limited to the articular cartilage covering each joint surface, and to the epiphyseal plate - A thin wall of cartilage separating the primary and secondary marrow cavities - Epiphyseal plate persists through childhood and adolescence - Serves as a growth zone for bone elongation

Answer 16

- By late teens to early 20s, all remaining cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is generally consumed - Gap between epiphyses and diaphysis closes - Primary and secondary marrow cavities unite into a single cavity - Bone can no longer grow in length

Answer 17

- Ossification continues throughout life with the growth and remodeling of bones - Bones grow in two directions : Length & Width

Answer 18

1. Epiphyseal plate—cartilage transitions to bone - Functions as growth zone where bone elongates - Has typical hyaline cartilage in the middle with transition zones on each side where cartilage is replaced by bone - Metaphysis is zone of transition facing the marrow cavity 2. This is interstitial growth—growth from within - Bone elongation is a result of cartilage growth within the epiphyseal plate - Epiphyses close when cartilage is gone—epiphyseal line of spongy bone marks site of former epiphyseal plate - Lengthwise growth is finished - Occurs at different ages in different bones

Answer 19

1. Achondroplastic dwarfism 2. Pituitary dwarfism

Answer 20

-Long bones stop growing in childhood Normal torso, short limbs -Failure of cartilage growth in metaphysis -Spontaneous mutation produces mutant dominant allele

Answer 21

- Lack of growth hormone - Normal proportions with short stature

Answer 22

-Bone Widening & Thickening —occurs at bone surface (within the periosteum) -Continual growth in diameter and thickness -Intramembranous ossification -Osteoblasts of inner periosteum deposit osteoid tissue -Become trapped as tissue calcifies -Lay down matrix in layers parallel to surface -Forms circumferential lamellae -Osteoclasts of endosteum enlarge marrow cavity

Answer 23

- Bone remodeling (absorption and deposition) occurs throughout life—10% of skeleton per year - Repairs microfractures, releases minerals into blood, reshapes bones in response to use and disuse - Wolff’s law of bone: architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it - Remodeling is a collaborative and precise action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts - Bony processes grow larger in response to mechanical stress

Answer 24

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

Answer 25

* Small crack in the bone * Break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (example: in a fall) * Commonly seen in athletes

Answer 26

—break in a bone weakened by disease (such as bone cancer or osteoporosis) -Usually caused by a stress that would not break a healthy bone

Answer 27

1.Direction of fracture line 2.Break in the skin 3.Multiple pieces Example: comminuted—three or more pieces

Answer 28

1. Closed (simple) Fracture: break that doesn't penetrate the skin 2. Open (compound) Fracture: broken bone penetrates through the skin

Answer 29

A break in the bone

Answer 30

- reduction and immobilization - realignment of the bone

Answer 31

1. Comminuted - bone breaks in many fragments - common with older people whose bones are more brittle 2. Compression - bone is crushed - common in porous bones 3. Depressed - broken bone portion is pressed inward - Typical of a skull fracture 4. Impacted - broken bone ends are forced into eachother - commonly occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstretched arms 5. Spiral - ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to a bone - common sports fracture 6. Greenstick - bone breaks incompletely, much in the way a green adults - common in children, whose bones are more flexible

Answer 32

1. Hematoma Formation (blood-filled swelling): - the hematoma is converted by granulation tissue by invasion of cells and blood capillaries 2. Soft Callus Formation: - Break is splinted (immobilized) by fibrocartilage to form a callus 3. Hard Callus Formation (Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus) - osteoblasts deposit a temporary bony collar around the fracture to unite the broken pieces while ossification occurs. 4. Bone Remodeling (Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch) - Small Bone Fragments are removed by osteoclasts, while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and then convert it to compact bone.

Answer 33

1. Closed Reduction:procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery 2. Open Reduction: involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments 3. Cast: normally used to stabilize and immobilize healing bone

Answer 34

-the most common bone disease Severe loss of bone density -Bones lose mass and become brittle due to loss of organic matrix and minerals

Answer 35

- Thin, curved plates - Protect soft organs - Made up of marrow (diploe) sandwiched between two layers compact bones - Example: Skull (Frontal, Parietal, Occipital), Sternum, Scapula, Ribs etc.

Answer 36

- Longer than wide - Rigid levers acted upon by muscles; crucial for movement - Typically found in the extremities - Example:Femur, Humerus, Radius, Ulna,etc.

Answer 37

-Approximately equal in length and width - Cube like in appearance - Glide across one another in multiple directions - Example: Carpals & Tarsal Bones

Answer 38

- Elaborate shapes that do not fit into other categories - Example: Face Bones, Vertebrae, & Hip Bones

Answer 39

* Mostly Rounded in Shape * Typically embedded within certain tendons * Related to the surface of joints * Examples: Patella, Metocarpoophangeal joint, Metotarsalphalangeal joint

Answer 40

* Cartliage has a flexible matrix that CAN accomodate mitosis of chondrocytes- it therefore allows for flexibility in the remodeling of bones. * Chondrocytes sit in Lacunae and maintain the ECM/ produce the cartliage matrix

Answer 41

* Mainly found in flat bones within adults * Best Bone: Posterior Illiac crest for safety reasons - no organs are in the way and you won't run the risk of punctioring

Answer 42

* Trochanter * Important muscle attachment site found in the femur by the hip bone

Answer 43

* Coastal Cartliage are bars of hyaline cartliage connecting bony ribs to sternum or bony rib to costal arch or just lining the end of the ribs

Answer 44

* A = Articular Cartliage * B = Spongy Bone * C = Epiphyseal Line * D = Red Bone Marrow * E = Endosteum * F = Compact Bone * G = Medullary Cavity * H = Yellow Bone Marrow * I= Periosteum * J = Nutrient Cavity/ Blood Vesseles * K= Articular Cartliage * L = Promixal Epiphysis * M = Metaphysis * N = Diaphysis * O = Distal Epiphysis

Answer 45

* A = Cervical Vertebrae (7) * B = Thoracic Vertaebae (12) * C = Lumbar Vertebrae (5) * D = Saccrum (5) * E = Coccyx (1) * F = Cervical Curve * G = Thoracic Curve * H = Lumbar Curve * I = Sacral Curve * J = Intervetrebral Disc * K= Intervertebral Foramen * L = Saccrum * M = Coccyx

Answer 46

* Sacrum (Not femur because it's not a part of the verterbral column)

Answer 47

Thoracic Vertebrae

Answer 48

Lumbar Vertebrae

Answer 49

Atlantoaxial Joint

Answer 50

Transverse Foramen

Answer 51

* 22 * 28 if you include the bones of the

Answer 52

* 14 Vomer Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Nasal Maxilla (2) Mandible Palantine Zygomatic (2) Lacrimals (2)

Answer 53

* 8 Bones Frontal Parietal (2) Temporal (2) Occipital Sphenoid Ethmoid

Answer 54

-The Phalanges

Answer 55

* Pelvic Bone * Females have wider pelvis and broader hips * Pelvic Cavity is shallow * Bones are lighter & thinner (allow for more flexibility) * Pubic Arch is Wider

Answer 56

Male: * Not as wide or broad * Pelvic cavity is funnel-shaped * Bones are heavier & larger * Pubic arch more narrow Female: * Wider pelvis & broader hips * Pelvic cavity is shallow * Bones are lighter & thinner * Pubic arch is wider

Answer 57

* Anterior concavity of the curvature of the lumber and cervical spine * Also known as "swayback" * Causes: From pregnancy or Obesisity * Symptoms: lower back pain & physical deformity * Treatment: chiropractic treatment, back brace, physical exercise

Answer 58

* Extreme outward curvature of the upper thoracic vertebrae * Also known as "hunchback" * Causes: osteoporosis, also osteomalacia or spinal tuberculosis, wrestling or weight lifting in young boys * Treatment: pain killer, back brace, spinal surgery, and physical therapy

Answer 59

* A side to side curvature of the spine * Location: usually in the thoracic spine * Most common; Particurlary of adolescent girls * Causes: Developmental abnomrality in which the body and arch fail to develop on one side of the vertebrae * Symptoms: leaning to one side, muscle spasms, uneven waist, physical deformity * Treatment: can not be cured but; treatments include stretching, bone grafting, spinal fusion.

Answer 60

Brittle/ Weak Bones **Mechanism:** * Estrogen maintains bone density in both sexes; inhibits resorption by osteoclasts * Osteoporosis is a lack of function of osteoclasts and thus, no resorption/ bone remodeling * Bones lose mass and become brittle due to loss of organic matrix and minerals * Affects spongy bone the most since it is the most metabolically active * Subject to pathological fractures of hip, wrist, and vertebral column * Kyphosis (widow’s hump)—deformity of spine due to vertebral bone loss * Complications of loss of mobility are pneumonia and thrombosis **General Facts/ Risk Factors:** * Most common bone disease * 1 in 5 women in USA over 50 have osteoporosis; * Postmenopausal white women at greatest risk * Ovaries cease to secrete estrogen * White women begin to lose bone mass as early as age 35 (By age 70, average loss is 30% of bone mass) * Osteoporosis also seen in young female athletes with low body fat causing them to stop ovulating and decrease estrogen secretion * Other Risk Factors: Men over 70, race, age, gender, smoking, diabetes mellitus, diets poor which are poor in: calcium, protein, vitamins C and D **Treatment:** * Estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) slows bone resorption, but increases risk of breast cancer, stroke, and heart disease * Drugs Fosamax, Actonel destroy osteoclasts * PTH slows bone loss if given as daily injection * Forteo (PTH derivative) increases density by 10% in 1 year * May promote bone cancer so use is limited to 2 years * Best treatment is prevention: exercise and a good bone-building diet between ages 25 and 40

Answer 61

* Excessive proliferation of osteoclasts and resorption of excess bone, with osteoblasts attempting to compensate by depositing extra bone. * Results in rapid, disorderly bone remodeling and weak, deformed bones. * Paget's Disease usually passes unnoticed but in some cases it causes pain, disfuration, and fractures. * Most common in males over the age of 50 * Mainly affects pelvis, skull, spine, and legs

Answer 62

Bone softening (too much matrix to bone) due to vitamin D defiency disesas in adults * Vitamin D is important for calcium uptake - bones become soft because weakened calcification * Common in nursing home residents and the homebound elderly * Also known as rickets in adults Symptoms: * Often begins with lumbar aches and pains and progresses to bone and joint pain, muscle weakness, diffulty walking, and stair climbing, loss of height because of vertebral compression, a waddling gait due to spinal deformity and pathological bone fractures.

Answer 63

* A1=perichondrium * A2=periosteum * B=Bony Collar * C=Hyaline Cartliage * D=Enlarging Chondrocytes * E=Primary Ossification Center * F=Primary Marrow Cavity * G=Secondary Ossification Center * H=Blood Vessel * I=Secondary Marrow Cavity * J=Epiphysis * K=Diaphysis * L=Epiphyseal Plate * M=Nutrient Foramen * N=Metaphysis * O=Cartliage * P= epiphyseal line * Q=Articular Cartliage * R= Spongy Bone * S=Compact Bone * T =Marrow Cavity * 1=embryonic phase * 2=at birth * 3=child * 4=adult

Answer 64

1. Infiltration of small blood vessels in the perichondrium (outer layer of hyaline carteliage) 2. Small Blood Vessels deliver osteogenic cells to differentiate into specialized cells like osteoblasts 3. osteoblasts secretes a bone matrix (osteoid) throughout the diaphysis membrane of the hyaline cartliage to form a bone collar. This collar keeps the structure into place to stablize for bone growth. 4. Ossification begins at the primary ossification center (located in the center of the cartlagious diaphysis) 5. Osteoblasts secrete ostioids that wrap around chondrocytes to become calcified. Calcification cuts off nutrient supply to the chondrocytes and they evenutally die, leaving gaps called Lacunae, where osteocytes will occupy (at this point we have compact bone)- monitor and maintain newly developed compact bone \*\*this process continuasly occurs-allowing for more an more compact bone to fill the carlagious diaphysis 6. As compact bone forms, more cartliage forms at the proximal and distal ends, thereby elongating the entire structure. 7. Invasion of periostial bud (contains large artery, nerve fibers, red bone marrow, and osteogenic cells-develop into more osteoblasts AND osteoclasts) 8. Osteoclasts will erode recently made compact bone in the diaphysis to form numerous small holes that will fuse & form into the medullary cavity (eventually this will run length of bone) \*\*Medullary Cavity will house spongy bone (partially eroded compact bone) FOLLOWING BIRTH- 9. Secondary Ossification centers form at both epiphysis 10. Epiphysis of bone go through similar process above and gain bony tissue (osteoblasts secrete calcified ostoid which wrap and destroy chondrocytes and form bony matrix) HOWEVER, osteoclasts eventually erode compact bone to form spongy bone. \*\*Epiphysis Ends are made up of spongy bone and reside next to an epiphyseal plate (made up of original hylaine cartliage) that seperates the compact bone/ diaphysis. 11.Hylaine Cartliage at the epiphyseal plate will multiply through mitosis and allow for more area of ossification to take place- bone will grow and elongate.

Answer 65

* Epipysis and diaphysis fuse to form one bone AND ceases bone lenghening * Epiphyseal line will form at point of fusion * Usually occurs at 18 in females and 21 in males

Answer 66

* Structure: An opening through a bone, usually round * Function: Serves as a passageway for blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments * Example: foramen magnum of the occipital bone

Answer 67

* Structure: A smooth, flat, slightly concave or convex articular surface that forms a joint/ articulates with another flat bone or another facet, together creating a gliding joint. * Function: to guide and limit movement of the spinal motion segment. In the lumbar spine, for example, the facet joints function to protect the motion segment from anterior shear forces, excessive rotation and flexion. * Example: Facet of thoracic vertebrae

Answer 68

* Structure:A large prominence on the side of the bone. Some of the largest muscle groups and most dense connective tissues attach to the trochanter. * Function:Important muscle attachment site * Example: greater trochanter of the femur (unique to the femur)

Answer 69

* Structure: The curved part of a bone that gives structural support to the rest of the bone. * Function: Gives strucutral support to rest of bone * Example: superior/inferior pubic ramus and ramus of the mandible.

Answer 70

* Structure: a sharp, slender, or narrow process * Function: ? * Example: Mental spines of the mandible or Scapula Spine

Answer 71

Temporal Bone

Answer 72

Lacrimal Bone

Answer 73

Sphenoid Bone

Answer 74

A=Cervical Vertebrae B=Thoracic Vertebrae C=Lumbar Vertaebrae

Answer 75

Intervertebral Disc

Answer 76

Atlas (C1)

Answer 77

A=Frontal Bone B=Parietal Bone C=Coronal Suture D=Saggital Suture E=Lambdoid Suture F=Squaemous Suture

Answer 78

Talus and Calcaneal

Answer 79

* A= Frontal Bone * B= Parietal Bone * C=Coronal Suture * D=Sphenoid Bone * E=Squamous Suture * F=Temporal Bone * G=Ethnoid Bone * H=Lacrimal Bone * I= Nasal Septum (Perpendicular Plate of Ethmoid Bone) * J=Inferior Nasal Conchae * K=Maxilla * L=Avelor Process of Maxilla AND Aveolor Process of Mandible * M=Nasal Bone * N=Sphenoid Bone * O=Zygomatic Bone * P=Vomer Bone * Q=Mandible

Answer 80

* A=Coronal Suture * B=Parietal Bone * C=Temporal Bone * D=Lambdoid Suture * E=Squamous Suture * F=Occipital Lobe * G=Zygomatic Process * H=External Acoustic Meatus * I=Mastoid Process * J=Styloid Process * K=Mandibular Process * L=Mental Foramen * M=Mandible * N=Avelor Margins (Inferior/ Superior Avelor) * O=Maxilla * P=Zygomatic Bone * Q=Lacrimal Bone * KK=Nasal Bone * R=Ethmoid Bone * S=Sphenoid Bone * T=Frontal Bone * U=Maxilla * V=Palantine Bone * W=Zygomatic Arch (above is the Zygomatic Bone) * X=Vomer * Y=Mandibular Fossa (on the Mandible) * Z=Styolid Process * AA=Mastoid Process * BB=Temporal Bone * CC=Parietal Bone * DD=Maxilla * EE=Spehnoid Bone * FF=Foramen Ovale * GG=Carotid Canal (on the Temporal Bone) * HH=Jugular Foramen (on the occipital bone) * II=Occipital Condyle (on the occipital bone) * JJ= Foramen Magnum (on the occipital bone)

Answer 81

* A=Coxal Bone * B= Saccral Bone * C=Pubic Symphysis * D=Femur * E=Patella * F=Lower Leg * G=Tibia * H=Fibula * I=Tarsal * J=Metatarsal * K=Phalanges * a.=7 Tarsals * b.=5 Metatarsals * c=14 phalanges (toe bones- 4 distal, middle, proximal and 1 distal/proximal)

Answer 82

* A=Talus * B=Navicular * C=Intermediate Cuneiform * D=Medial Cuneiform * J=Lateral Cuneiform * D Above=Phalanges * E=Distal Phalanges * F=Medial Phalanges * G=Proximal Phalanges * H=Metatarsal * I=Tarsals * K=cuboid * L=Calcaneus

Answer 83

* Big phalanges in both toes and fingers are assigned I... Numbers increase in medial direction on fingers AND increase in lateral direction on toes

Answer 84

* A=Phalanges * B=Distal * C=Middle * D=Proximal * E=Metacarpals * a.=5 * b.=4 * c.=3 * d.=2 * e.=1 * F=Carpals * G=Hamate * H=Pisiform * I=Triquetral * J=Lunate * K=Ulna * L=Trapezium * M=Trapezoid * N=Scaphoid * O=Capitate * P=Radius

Answer 85

* A=Ulna * B=Radius * C=Carpal * D=Metacarpal * E=Phalanges * F=Scapula * G=Clavivcle * H=Humerus

Answer 86

* A=True Ribs * B=False Ribs * C=Floating Ribs * a.=1-7 * b.=8-12 * c.=11,12 * D=Vertebra, L1 * E=Vertebra, T1 * F=Jugular Notch * G=Clavicular Notch * H=Sternum * I=Manubria * J=Sternal Angle * K=Body * L=Xiphoidsternal Joint * M=Xiphoid Process * N=Coastal Cartliage * O=Intercoastal Space

Answer 87

Adequate nutrition plays a major role in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis; the nutrients of greatest importance are calcium and vitamin D

Answer 88

* The increase in the diameter of bones by the addition of bony tissue at the surface of bones * Osteoblasts at the bone surface secrete bone matrix, and osteoclasts on the inner surface break down bone. * The osteoblasts differentiate into osteocytes. * A balance between these two processes allows the bone to thicken without becoming too heavy.

Answer 89

1. Ulna 2. Radius

Answer 90

.1.Skull 2. Vertebral Column 3. Rib Cage (Bony Thorax)

Answer 91

1. Pectoral Girdle 2. Limbs (upper & lower) 3. Pelvic Girdle

Answer 92

A proximal humerus fracture.. This can be fond at the surgical, nearby the shoulder.

Answer 93

* Ribs 8-10 * The coastal cartiliages of these ribs do not attach directly to the sternum, instead they are attached to the coastal cartliage of the rib directly above it. Ie: Rib 8 coastal carliage attaches to that of the coastal cartliage of rib 7.

Answer 94

Total: 33 Cervical= 7 Thoracic=12 Lumbar = 5 Sacrum = 5 Coccyx = 4

Answer 95

* Decreased proliferation of the epiphyseal plate cartliage

Answer 96

1. Provide support and protection for the brain, the spinal cord, and the organs in the ventral body cavity. 2. Provides surface for attachement of muscles that move the head, neck, trunk 3. Support respiratory movement?? 4. Stablizes parts of the appendicular skeleton

Answer 97

Hyaline Cartliage

Answer 98

Femur Typical with elderly people because they're not using the bone as much

Answer 99

* Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) * Also promotes the reabsorbtion of calcium by the kidney tubules, which can affect calcium homeostasis * Calcitonin, a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland, has some effects that counteract those of PTH. Calcitonin inhibits osteoclast activity and stimulates calcium (and phosphorus) uptake by the bones, thus reducing the conc. of calcium in the bloodstream.

Answer 100

Zygomatic Bone

Answer 101

* Four skull bones (maxillary, sphenoid, frontal, and ethmoid) contain air-filled cavitities lined with the mucous membrane that lead to the nasal pasages * Para=near Function: * Lighten the facial bones * Help produce sound by acting as a resonance chamber to the voice * Provide mucus to provide lubrication for the tissues of the nasal

Answer 102

Human Growth Hormone (GH)

Answer 103

* Facial Bones * Special Sense Organs= vision (eyes), hearing (ears), balance (ears), taste (tongue), and smell (nasal passages)

Answer 104

* Nasal Cavity

Answer 105

* Adipose (Fat)

Answer 106

1. Encloses & Protect brain 2. Structures the shape of head 3. Has openings for passage (foramen)- passageways for nerves, blood vesseles, etc. AND allows for attachment to spinal cord (foramen magnum)

Answer 107

* Anterior to the cranial cavity * Function: * Support orbital, nasal, and oral cavitities * Shape the face * Provide attachment for muscles of facial expression and mastication (chewing)