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Physiology > Lab Exam-Lab 2 > Flashcards

Lab Exam-Lab 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of gastrulation?

A

to position the 3 embryonic germ layers (ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm)

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2
Q

What controls gastrulation?

A

partly controlled by cell-ECM interactions

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3
Q

What are the components of ECM?

A

water, proteins (collagen and elastin; glycoproteins like fibronectin and laminins), proteoglycans (ex. chondroitin sulfate, heparin, and hyalurinic acid)

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4
Q

What is the function of fibronectin and laminin?

A

help connect the ECM components to the cells by binding with integrins in plasma membranes

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5
Q

Which type of cell produces proteoglycans?

A

chondrocytes, which are cells responsible for the formation and maintenance of cartilage

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6
Q

What is the function of proteoglycans?

A

absorb water, which provides lubrication and resiliency and acts as nature’s shock absorber for your joints

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7
Q

Where is the basal lamina located?

A

Just under the epithelial cells, separating them from the connective tissue layer

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8
Q

What are GAGs?

A

glycosaminoglycans, a major component of joint cartilage, joint fluid, and other soft connective tissue

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9
Q

What is the function of fibroblasts?

A

cells responsible for the synthesis of ECM components; involved in wound healing

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10
Q

What are the two types of epithelium?

A

covering/lining epithelium and glandular epithelium

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11
Q

What are the functions of epithelial tissue?

A

protection, sensory, secretion, absorption and excretion

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?

A

limited amounts of ECM, tightly packed sheet of cells, attaches to connective tissue via basal lamina, is avascular

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13
Q

Where is squamous epithelial tissue found?

A

lungs

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14
Q

Where is cuboidal epithelial tissue found?

A

glands, tubules

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15
Q

Where is columnar epithelial tissue found?

A

mucous membranes

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16
Q

Where is pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue found?

A

respiratory system (cilia)

17
Q

What are the two categories of simple columnar epithelia?

A

non-ciliated and ciliated

18
Q

Where is ciliated columnar epithelia found?

A

upper respiratory tract, fallopian tubes, uterus

19
Q

Where do exocrine gland products go?

A

into ducts for secretion

20
Q

Where do endocrine gland products go?

A

into the blood or interstitial fluid

21
Q

What are the three types of glandular epithelium?

A

apocrine, holocrine, merocrine

22
Q

How do apocrine glands secrete product? Give examples

A

product pinches off and is released from Apex.

ex. mammary glands, hair follicle (sweat glands), goblet cells

23
Q

How do holocrine glands secrete product? Give examples

A

product collects in cell, then when product is released the plasma membrane ruptures
ex. sebaceous glands

24
Q

How do merocrine glands secrete product? Give examples

A

secrete product through plasma membrane.

ex. most common type

25
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

connects, supports, transports, and protects

26
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

ECM predominates in most types

27
Q

What are the four main types of connective tissue?

A

fibrous (loose, dense regular, dense irregular), cartilage (elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline), bone (compact, spongy), and blood

28
Q

What are the defining characteristics of cartilage?

A

only cell type is chondrocytes and tissue is avascular

29
Q

Define Lacunae house cells

A

lacuna pit = a small space containing a chondrocyte in cartilage or an osteocyte in bone

30
Q

How is the ECM formed?

A

chondroblasts secrete ECM and then get trapped in it, which allows them to mature in chondrocytes

31
Q

What is the name of bone cells?

A

osteocytes

32
Q

What are the functions of bone tissue?

A

support, protection, point of attachment for muscles, reservoir for minerals, supports blood-forming tissue

33
Q

What is the difference between compact bone and spongy bone?

A

compact bone forms the hard shell

cancellous bone forms a network of hard beams of bone tissue inside many bones

34
Q

What fraction of blood is plasma and what fraction is formed elements (RBC, WBC and platelets)?

A

55% plasma, 45% formed elements

35
Q

What are the functions of blood tissue?

A

transportation, regulation of body temp, regulation of body pH, fighting infection

36
Q

What are the characteristics of skeletal muscle?

A

threadlike cells with many cross striations and multinucleated (normally)

37
Q

What are the characteristics of smooth muscle?

A

elongated, fusiform shaped cells, no cross striations, one nucleus per cell

38
Q

What are the characteristics of cardiac muscle?

A

branching cells with intercalated disks (formed by meeting of plasma membranes of two cells)

39
Q

What is the function of nervous tissue?

A

rapid regulation and integration of body activities. ECTODERMAL IN ORIGIN

Physiology (8 decks)

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