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Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction > LAB FINAL > Flashcards

LAB FINAL Flashcards

1
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

TSH
ACTH
GH
LH
FSH
Prolactin

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2
Q

TSH

A

regulates thyroid gland

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3
Q

ACTH

A

regulates adrenal gland

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4
Q

GH

A

regulates long bone growth, muscle growth and development, fat and carbohydrate metabolism

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5
Q

LH and FSH

A

regular reproductive function in males and females

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6
Q

Prolactin

A

promotes milk synthesis (lactation)

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7
Q

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

Vasopressin (ADH)
Oxytocin (OT)

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8
Q

Why measure hormone levels? (3)

A
  • to make diagnosis
  • determine reproductive status of an animal
  • study the effects of exposure to environmental hormones
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9
Q

Collecting saliva can only be used to measure what kind of hormones?

A

steroid hormones

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10
Q

Serum

A

all proteins without clotting proteins

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11
Q

Plasma

A

clotting proteins

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12
Q

Cephalic venipuncture

A
  • cephalic vein
  • front of forelimb
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13
Q

Jugular vein

A

caudal third of the jugular vein

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14
Q

Medial saphenous vein

A

medial aspect of the rear leg

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15
Q

Lateral saphenous vein

A

lateral aspect of the rear leg

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16
Q

Femoral venipuncture

A

medial aspect of the upper hind limb

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17
Q

What does ELISA stand for?

A

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

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18
Q

What does ELISA do?

A

an immunological assay commonly used to measure antibodies, antigens, proteins and hormones in biological samples

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19
Q

Examples for use of ELISA

A

diagnosis of various infections
pregnancy tests
measurement of cytokines or soluble receptors in cell supernatant

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20
Q

Secondary antibodies recognize

A

y antibodies

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21
Q

Direct ELISA

A

suitable for determining the amount of high molecular weight antigens

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22
Q

Indirect ELISA

A

useful for diagnosing infection by bacteria, viruses, or a parasite

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23
Q

Sandwich ELISA

A

two sets of antibodies are used to detect secreted products

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24
Q

Competitive ELISA

A

useful for identifying small molecules such as cAMP, oxytocin, and steroid hormones

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25
Acidophils (which tropes are part of)
have cytoplasm that stains red/orange Lactotrope Somatrope
26
Basophils (which tropes are part of)
have cytoplasm that stains bluish Gonadotrope Corticotrope Thyrotrope
27
Gonatrope Thyrotrope Lactotrope Somatotrope Corticotrope
LH/FSH TSH Prolactin Growth hormone ACTH
28
Hyperprolactinemia
elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
29
Acromegaly
excessive growth hormone - excessive growth hormone from a tumor in the pituitary gland
30
Gigantism
- increase GH during childhood - starts in an immature animal or person - excessively tall, heart failure
31
Acromegaly (symptoms)
- thickening of the facial bones - enlarged extremities (paws, hands) - jaws get thicker, gums
32
Acromegaly in adults vs. children
adults: overgrowth of tissues and certain bones of the body over many years children: increased height (gigantism)
33
Hypopituitarism
low pituitary hormone secretion, involving one or more pituitary hormones
34
Prolactinoma (Hyperprolactinemia)
elevated prolactin due to prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors
35
Nucleus is what color?
lighter red, pink-like
36
Diabetes insipidus
causes the body to make too much urine, and kidneys cannot properly concentrate urine - posterior pituitary - deficiency of ADH
37
Primary hypothyroidism
high TSH level indicates that the thyroid gland is not making enough thyroid hormone, loss of negative feedback
38
Secondary hypothyroidism
low TSH may result from an abnormality in the pituitary gland, which prevents it from making enough TSH to stimulate the thyroid
39
T4 is the main form of
thyroid hormone circulating in the blood
40
Hyperthyroidism (signs/symptoms) popular in dogs or cats
- weight loss - diarrhea - heat intolerant - high metabolic rate - tachycardia - goiter (enlargement of thyroid gland) pop in dogs
41
Hypothyroidism (signs/Symp) popular in dogs or cats
- weight gain - low metabolic rate - lethargic - alopecia (hair loss) - dark skin areas (hyperpigmentation) - bradycardia (Low HR) pop in older cats
42
Hyperthyroidism (Regular)
low tsh high t4
43
Hypothyroidism (primary)
high tsh low t4
44
Hypothyroidism (secondary)
low tsh low t4
45
Counter-regulatory hormones
glucagon GH thyroid hormone epinephrine Cortisol all acting against insulin
46
47
Blood Glucose: insulin
lowers
48
Blood Glucose: glucagon
increases
49
Blood Glucose: epinephrine
increases
50
Blood Glucose: GH
increases
51
Blood Glucose: Cortisol
increases
52
Diabetes Mellitus
hyperglycemia fatigue glucosuria polyuria polydipsia
53
Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
beta (insulin-producing) cells of the pancreas are destroyed
54
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
mostly associated with insulin resistance
55
Accumulation of fat in the midsection and upper body increases the risk of
diabetes (type 2)
56
Fasting Blood Glucose (normal, prediabetes, diabetes)
70-99 mg/dL normal 100-125 mg/dL prediabetes Above 126 mg/dL diabetes
57
Mg/dL to mmol/L mmol/L to Mg/dL
divide by 18 multiply by 18
58
Addison's Disease
low cortisol hypoglycemia adrenal insufficiency low aldosterone hypotension fatigue thirst
59
Cushing's Disease
excess secretion of ACTH overproduction of cortisol
60
Cushing's Disease: Signs/Symptoms
weight gain in the abdominal area hyperglycemia hypertension facial hair incr aldosterone incr androgens muscle wasting
61
Adrenal Cortex
Zona glomerulosa (mineralocorticoids; aldosterone) Zona fasciculata (glucocorticoids; cortisol) Zona reticularis (androgens; DHEA, androstenedione
62
Adrenal Medulla
Epinephrine norepinephrine
63
Thyroid Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus TRH Anterior Pituitary gland TSH Thyroid Gland Thyroid Hormone Negative feedback: Thyroid hormone to thyroid gland, anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
64
Stress Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus CRH Anterior Pituitary Gland ACTH Adrenal Gland Cortisol Negative feedback: Cortisol to Adrenal Gland, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus
65
Reproductive Axis (trace)
Hypothalamus GnRH Anterior Pituitary gland LH Testes Testosterone Negative feedback: testosterone to Testes, Anterior pituitary gland, hypothalamus

Endocrinology and Mammalian Reproduction (4 decks)

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