lab final

Question 1

scientific method process (8 steps)

Answer 1

observation - question - hypothesis - predictions - design - experiment/record data - analyze data - draw conclusions

Question 2

phototaxis

Answer 2

bodily movement in response to light (positive = toward, negative = away)

Question 3

photokinesis

Answer 3

change in speed in response to light

Question 4

transect

Answer 4

linear sampling that takes a cross section of an ecosystem or community

Question 5

relative abundance

Answer 5

proportion of total organisms each species makes up in a community

Question 6

biomass

Answer 6

renewable organic matter coming from plants+animals

Question 7

simpsons diversity index purpose

Answer 7

calculates overall diversity of organisms in a plot, used to compare plots

Question 8

simpson’s diversity index equation

Answer 8

D = 1 - (sum n(n-1) / sum N(N-1))
n = number of individs in species
N = number counted in plot

Question 9

relative abundance calculation

Answer 9

( # of species in area / sum of all populations of species in area ) x 100

Question 10

biotic index

Answer 10

sampling to test environment health

Question 11

macroinvertebrate

Answer 11

any invertebrate large enough to be seen without magnification

Question 12

total magnification

Answer 12

ocular lens x objective lens

Question 13

condenser

Answer 13

adjusts light on microscope

Question 14

parfocal lens

Answer 14

allows to zoom in/out on microscope

Question 15

study parts of dissecting + compound microscope

Answer 15

:)

Question 16

polymerase chain reaction

Answer 16

amplifies piece of DNA using primers and DNA synthesis

Question 17

primer

Answer 17

short single-stranded nucleic acid used in the initiation of DNA synthesis

Question 18

CSE format

Answer 18

Last name Initials, Last name initials. Year of pub. Title. Journal.
Volume(issue):pages-pages.

Question 19

primary literature

Answer 19

the author conducted the study

Question 20

genotype

Answer 20

sum of alleles inherited from the parents

Question 21

heterozygous

Answer 21

having 2 different alleles

Question 22

homozygous

Answer 22

having 2 of the same alleles

Question 23

allele

Answer 23

the possible forms of a gene
that can occur

Question 24

gene pool

Answer 24

the collection of genes within an interbreeding population at a particular time

Question 25

genetic drift

Answer 25

the change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance

Question 26

sickle cell anemia

Answer 26

caused by a single gene mutation, sickled cells stick together and block small blood vessels; are filtered out leading to lower amounts of red blood cells causing anemia

Question 27

locus

Answer 27

the physical location of a gene in the genome

Question 28

6 HWE conditions

Answer 28

random mating, large population, no mutation or migration or selection, allele occurs w equal frequency

Question 29

p =

Answer 29

frequency of dominant allele

Question 30

q =

Answer 30

frequency of recessive allele

Question 31

2pq =

Answer 31

frequency of heterozygous individuals (Bb)

Question 32

𝑝² =

Answer 32

frequency of dominant homozygous individuals (BB)

Question 33

𝑞² =

Answer 33

frequency of homozygous recessive individuals (bb)

Question 34

HWE equation

Answer 34

𝑝² + 2pq + q² = 1

Question 35

practice HWE equations

Answer 35

:)

Question 36

germination

Answer 36

the process by which a plant grows from a seed into a seedling

Question 37

non vascular plants

Answer 37

mosses, liverworts

Question 38

vascular, non-seed plants

Answer 38

club mosses, ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails

Question 39

vascular, seed-producing seed plants

Answer 39

cycads, gingkoes, conifers

Question 40

vascular, seed-producing flowering plants

Answer 40

flowers

Question 41

monocot vs eudicot petals

Answer 41

mono = 3, eudi = 4 or 5

Question 42

xylem

Answer 42

transports water and minerals from the roots to the shoot system

Question 43

phloem

Answer 43

carries organic nutrients throughout the plant

Question 44

male and female reproductive organs flower

Answer 44

stamen (male), pistel - carpels (female)

Question 45

stigma

Answer 45

sticky end for pollen reception

Question 46

sepal

Answer 46

protect flower bud, support flower

Question 47

endosperm

Answer 47

food supply in flower

Question 48

cotyledon

Answer 48

embryonic leaf in seed plants

Question 49

4 major evolutionary trends in plants

Answer 49

protection of embryo, vascular system development, production of seeds, flowers

Question 50

eumetazoans

Answer 50

everything other than sponges

Question 51

protostome

Answer 51

mouth forms b4 anus

Question 52

deuterostome

Answer 52

anus forms b4 mouth

Question 53

lophophore/trocophore

Answer 53

ciliated tentacles around mouth

Question 54

lancets

Answer 54

nonvertebrate chordates - small animals the live in shallow water with sandy or muddy bottoms

Question 55

agnatha / jawless fish (3 characteristics)

Answer 55

cartilaginous skeleton, lack lateral fins + jaws, notochord in adults (lamprey)

Question 56

chondrichthye / cartilaginous fish (4 characteristics)

Answer 56

cartilage endoskeleton, true jaws, paired lateral appendages, 2 chambered heart (sharks)

Question 57

osteichthyes / bony fish (4 characteristics)

Answer 57

bony endoskeleton, paired fins, diverse, 2 chambered heart (bass)

Question 58

monotreme

Answer 58

one opening for both reproduction and waste

Question 59

4 major chordate characteristics

Answer 59

postanal tail, notochord, dorsal tubular nerve cord, pharyngeal pouches