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BIO 150 > lab final > Flashcards

lab final Flashcards

1
Q

domains of life: plantae, Animalia, fungi, Protista, eubacteria

A

plantae: multicellular, eukaryotic

animalia: multicellular, eukaryotic

fungi: multicellular, eukaryotic

protista: eukaryotic, unicellular, and multicellular

eubacteria: unicellular, prokaryotic

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2
Q

domain definition

A

taxonomic classification above kingdom; largely determined by ribosomal DNA

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3
Q

prokaryotes vs eukaryotes

A

prokaryotes are unicellular organisms
- include bacteria

eukaryotes are multicellular organisms that have a true nucleus
- includes protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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4
Q

2 ways bacteria in the environment help us

A
  • external: nitrogen fixation in soil
  • internal: bacteria in our guts help with digestion

however, bacteria are often linked with pathogenesis– production of a diseased state

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5
Q

basic bacteria structures & functions:

  • fimbriae
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosome
  • plasmid
  • flagellum
  • pilus
A

fimbriae: sticky ends that help bacteria adhere to surfaces

cytoplasm: holds components of cell

ribosome: makes proteins

plasmid: DNA rings, carry genes for replicating DNA

flagellum: assist the cell in movement

pilus: conjugation or reproduction (sending antibiotic resistance and transferring genetic material)

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6
Q

protists

A

are eukaryotes because they have a nucleus and other membrane enclosed organelles even though they’re simple

  • the well developed cytoskeleton of cell allows it to have asymmetric shape and to change shape as they feed, move, or grow (motility)
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7
Q

cilia vs flagellum vs pseudopods

A

cilia is a bunch of hair like things all over the body which make it swim forward

flagellum is one stick thing at the end that propels it forward

psuedopods are used for gliding, temporary arm-like projection that is emerged in the direction of movement

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8
Q

protozoa

A

animal like protists (eat other things)

  • considered unicellular eukaryotes because of their enclosed nucleus
  • heterotrophic and motile
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9
Q

algae

A

form of protists but are autotrophic, more specifically photosynthetic

(also eukaryotes)

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10
Q

fungi + classifications + reproduction + benefits/cons

A

form of multicellular eukaryotes

common classifications: mushrooms, yeasts, and molds

  • can do BOTH sexual and asexual reproduction

benefits: decay of organic matter, food such as mushrooms, soy sauce, cheese, and yeast, and medicine (penicillin)

cons: fungal toxins (dont eat wild mushrooms, death cap mushroom), plant disease, human infections

  • also heterotrophic (why they grow on food if left around for too long)
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11
Q

parts of a fungi: basidiocarp, hyphae, mycelium

A

basidiocarp: cap of mushroom, protects spore-producing surface

hyphae: long thin strands that tangle together to make up the mycelium

mycelium: main structure of a fungus (kinda at the roots part)

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12
Q

mushroom fungal life cycle

A

release of spores from underside of mushroom cap (spores are haploid) → spore lands on suitable surface and germinates (grows into hyphae) → grows into mycelium → two hyphae come together and fuse (sexual) → then it develops into mushroom (diploid) → releases spores and process recycles

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13
Q

nonvascular vs vascular plants

A

vascular - stand up on their own

nonvascular - can’t stand up on their own

main difference is their structure

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14
Q

yeast fungal life cycle

A
  • single celled fungi
  • reproduce asexually by budding or fission
  • can also do sexually through conjugation when conditions are unfavorable for yeast

budding (asexual reproduction, haploid) → pseudohyphae formation → conjugation (sexual reproduction, diploid), usually called a/α→ meiosis and haploid spore formation

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15
Q

mold fungal lifecycle

A
  • thrive in moist environments
  • form hyphae branches
  • spread via spores in the air
  • think spoiled food

spore germination (asexual, haploid) → spores form hyphae → mitosis → reproduce asexually by producing structures called sporangia which produce haploid spores

otherwise: sexual reproduction (optional for them)

rhizoids: aid in attachment for reproductive structures, ex. sporangia or hyphae may develop at the tip of rhizoids, facilitating dispersal of spores

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16
Q

nonvascular plants (mosses & liverworts)

A
  • gametophyte phase is dominant and haploid but rely on spores for reproduction

egg- producing structure = archegonia
sperm-producing structure = antheridia

resultant sporophyte (diploid) grows out of the archegonia

17
Q

nonvascular seedless plants: mosses lifecycle

A

gametophyte is present in BOTH generations

mature gametophytes undergo mitosis to provide gametes → fertilization (diploid) via wind/rain → zygote matures into sporophyte that grows out of gametophyte → mature sporophytes bloom sporangium which is site of meiosis and produce haploid spores → spores released via wind, land and germinate into either male or female gametophytes

18
Q

seedless vascular plants (club mosses and ferns)

A

sporophyte phase is dominant

  • they have xylem and phloem - what gives them that vascular structure
  • wind blown spores = no seed or flowers involved in plant reproduction
  • unlike non-vascular plants, single gametophyte has BOTH sex structures
19
Q

lifecycle of seeded plants

A
  • two types: gymnosperms and angiosperms
  • undergo generational alternation
  • seeds are diploid (sporophyte) - produced for dispersal

female gametophyte is protected in the ovule (fruit)

male gametophyte is located in the pollen grains

spores = heterospores (production of spores of two different sizes and sexes - mega and microspore)

fertilized by pollination

20
Q

gymnosperms vs angiosperms

A

gymnosperms: ovules and seeds are exposed to nature; pollen is transported via wind; often associated with cones (ugly like the gym guys)

angiosperms: seeds are enclosed in fruits (ovary); pollen transported via insects and animals; flowering plants (pretty like Angela)

21
Q

gymnosperm lifecycle

A
  • we focus on sub classification called conifers

dominant generation = sporophyte

pollen sacs and ovules are contained in cones; cones undergo meiosis to make microspores (male gametophyte) and megaspores (female gametophyte)

cones produced → pollination → fertilization (pollen grain makes pollen tube that grows toward the female gametophyte )→ diploid (egg develops into seed) → embryo has winged seed coat (for protection) → wind dispersal

22
Q

angiosperm life cycle

A
  • pollination occurs via insects
  1. flowers have within them the male structures called stamens that produce pollen grains containing male sperm and female structures called carpels which contains ovules
  2. pollinations occurs through insects or animals (haploid pollen microspore brought to megaspores)
  3. double fertilization: pollen tube reaches ovule and releases 2 sperm cells - one fertilizes egg and the other fuses with female gametophyte to become triploid (3n cell) that develops into endosperm which is like the food for the developing embryo
  4. fertilized diploid egg protected by ovary (fruit) grows
23
Q

where are most of the earthworm’s structures?

A

coelom: body tube around the central digestive tract and also in the anterior region (close to the head)

24
Q

earthworm reproductive anatomy

A
  • reproductive structures at the anterior end (closer to head)
  • hermaphrodites meaning both male and female reproductive organs
  • can also reproduce asexually via regeneration
  • male: seminal vesicles and seminal receptacles (visible during dissection, female hidden)
  • female: female gonads
25
Q

earthworm internal digestive anatomy

A

mouth → pharynx (suction) → esophagus → crop (stomach/storage) → gizzard (crushes food)

26
Q

earthworm digestive tract

A

has internal ‘U’ shape called the typhlosole
→ functions to increase surface area for absorption

27
Q

earthworm circulatory system

A
  • no lungs; exchange gases through the skin
  • 5 aortic arches that function like hearts, and blood vessels that help with blood circulation on either side of the intestine to absorb nutrients and release waste
28
Q

earthworm excretory system

A
  • each segment of earthworm are nephridia = function like kidney to collect waste from blood and body cavity in the nephrostomes
  • waste exits the worm via excretory pores called nephridiopores
29
Q

what is an open circulatory system

A
  • organs and tissues are shrouded in hemolymph (mix of blood and lymph fluid)
  • blood is pumped into the body cavity
  • no capillaries for exchange
  • no gas transport
30
Q

what is the exoskeleton of anthropods (cray fish) made of

A

chitin

  • long chain of nitrogen-containing sugar molecules arranged in strong fibers
  • chitin can be soft as butterfly or hard as shell of lobster
31
Q

echinodermata (starfish)

A
  • have unique water vascular system consisting of series of water-filled canals ending in hollow projections called tube feet
  • water comes in through the madreporite

endoskeleton has plates called ossicles that has spines protruding through

  • 5 classes of echinoderms are distinguished primarily by the arrangement of their ossicles
32
Q

amphibians (frogs)

A
  • first land vertebrates, arising from fish with stout, fleshy fins
  • most amphibian adults are land creatures, but lay eggs in water
  • eggs are fertilized externally and each hatches into an aquatic larval stage called a tadpole
  • tadpoles undergo dramatic metamorphosis of body shape as they become adults
33
Q

crustacean external anatomy: cephalothorax, abdomen, cervical groove, long antennae and antennules, chelipeds, mandibles, maxillae, maxillipeds, swimmerets

A
  • Cephalothorax: anterior portion
  • Abdomen: posterior portion with 6 segments and tail
  • Cervical groove: boundary between head and thorax
  • long antennae and antennules: short antennae to gather sensory inputs
  • Chelipeds: claw-like appendages
  • Mandibles: teeth-like appendages
  • Maxillae: mouthparts that circulate water over the gills
  • maxillipeds: short appendages that bring food to the mouth
  • Swimmerets: for reproduction and water movement (in males)

BIO 150 (8 decks)

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