Lab Final

Question 1

Feeding

Answer 1

Feeding refers to the main mechanisms or behavior that animals use to acquire the calories needed to survive. The feeding style determines where in the food web that organism is, with predators being at the top.

Question 2

Detritivores

Answer 2

Detritus feeders consume partially decomposed organic matter.

Question 3

Deposit Feeders

Answer 3

Consume organic matter in sediment (like earth worms). This usually involves
ingesting sediment whole, extracting the organic matter in the gut, and excreting the sediment.

Question 4

Bottom Feeders

Answer 4

Pick organic matter off the surface of sediment or objects

Question 5

Filter Feeders

Answer 5

Consume small particles floating in water by filtration (think of the baleen whale).

Question 6

Herbivores

Answer 6

Feed on primary producers (plants, kelp, seaweed, algae).

Question 7

Predators

Answer 7

Actively hunt, kill, and eat other animals. Predators tend to be mobile so they can catch their prey, and in turn tend to have a fast metabolism that requires more calories.

Question 8

Photosymbiotic

Answer 8

No animal can photosynthesize, as their cells do not contain chloroplasts. However, many animal groups have symbiotic relationships with photosynthesizers, such as algae or bacteria.

Question 9

Scavengers

Answer 9

Consume other animals but do not actively hunt. Scavengers differ from bottom feeders in that they feed on recently-deceased (“fresh”) animals, and in far larger quantities than bottom feeders.

Question 10

Mobile

Answer 10

Animals that actively move under their own power. (e.g. swimmers and crawlers)

Question 11

Non-mobile/Sessile

Answer 11

Animals that do not move. Many are attached in place (e.g. barnacles).

Question 12

Planktonic

Answer 12

Animals that float in the water column. Their movement is dictated by water currents.

Question 13

Tiering

Answer 13

Tiering refers to where in the water column and/or seafloor animals spend most of their adult life (i.e. their vertical position relative to the seafloor)

Question 14

Pelagic

Answer 14

Animals that live in the water column (e.g. swimmers or floaters).

Question 15

Epifaunal

Answer 15

Animals that live on the seafloor. (e.g. crabs).

Question 16

Infaunal

Answer 16

Animals that burrow into the sediment on the seafloor (e.g. worms).

Question 17

Trilobites

Answer 17

• Cambrian-Permian
• Feeding: Bottom feeders
• Mobility: Mobile
• Tiering: Epifaunal

Question 18

Crinoids

Answer 18

• Ordovician-Present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Most are sessile
• Tiering: Epifaunal

Question 19

Serpulids - Tubeworms

Answer 19

• Permian-present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Sessile
• Tiering: Epifaunal

Question 20

Bivalves

Answer 20

• Cambrian-present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Most are sessile
• Tiering: Most are infaunal

Question 21

Brachiopods

Answer 21

• Cambrian-present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Most are sessile
• Tiering: Most are epifaunal
• Usually close after death
• Symmetry is within the valves

Question 22

Rugose Corals

Answer 22

• Ordovician-Permian
• Feeding: Most are filter feeders
• Mobility: Sessile
• Tiering: Epifaunal
• Reef-builders

Question 23

Scleractinian Corals

Answer 23

• Permian-present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Sessile
• Tiering: Epifaunal
• Reef-builders

Question 24

Bryozoans

Answer 24

• Ordovician-present
• Feeding: Filter feeders
• Mobility: Sessile
• Tiering: Epifaunal
• Reef-builders

Question 25

Nautiloids - Cephlapods

Answer 25

- Ordovician-present - Feeding: Predatory - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Pelagic - Straight sutures - Posterior symmetry

Question 26

Ammonoids - Cephlapods

Answer 26

- Ordovician-Cretaceous - Feeding: Predatory - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Pelagic - Coiled sutures - Posterior symmetry

Question 27

Gastropods

Answer 27

- Cambrian-present - Feeding: Most are predatory - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Most are epifaunal

Question 28

Regular Echinoids

Answer 28

- Ordovician-present - Feeding: Most are herbivores - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Epifaunal - Five-fold symmetry

Question 29

Irregular Echinoids

Answer 29

- Jurassic-present - Feeding: Bottom feeders - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Infaunal - Bilateral symmetry

Question 30

Scaphopods - Tusk Shells

Answer 30

- Carboniferous-present - Feeding: Most are filter feeders - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Infaunal

Question 31

Crustaceans

Answer 31

- Cambrian-present - Feeding: Varies - Mobility: Varies - Tiering: Varies - Chitin exoskeleton

Question 32

Sharks

Answer 32

- Devonian-present - Feeding: Most are predatory - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Pelagic

Question 33

Barnacles

Answer 33

- Carboniferous-present - Feeding: Filter feeders - Mobility: Sessile - Tiering: Epifaunal

Question 34

Mosasaurs

Answer 34

- Cretaceous - Feeding: Predatory - Mobility: Mobile - Tiering: Epifaunal

Question 35

Saurischia

Answer 35

- Forward-facing pubis bone - Typically larger

Question 36

Ornithischia

Answer 36

- Backward-facing pubis bone - All herbivores

Question 37

Heterodonty

Answer 37

Having specialized tooth shapes in different parts of the jaw

Question 38

Chewing Surface

Answer 38

The most worn areas of the teeth

Question 39

Herbivore Teeth

Answer 39

Typically wide with complex ridges for grinding plant material

Question 40

Carnivore Teeth

Answer 40

Generally long and sharp

Question 41

Mammoth vs. Mastodon teeth

Answer 41

Since Mammoths primarily grazed and Mastodons ate leaves and twigs, mammoth teeth are fairly flat while mastodon teeth have high cones

Question 42

Proxies

Answer 42

Physical signatures that give information about ancient climates

Question 43

Leaf types and their corresponding information

Answer 43

- Smooth margins indicate warmer weather - Larger leaves come from wet sites

Question 44

Microevolution

Answer 44

Changes in a species-level population over time, such as bacteria evolving resistance to penicillin. These changes can be viewed on a small scale and, geologically speaking, occur rather rapidly.

Question 45

Macroevolution

Answer 45

Occurs above the species level and involves vast amounts of time. Macroevolution addresses such questions as how dinosaurs gave rise to birds and how flowering plants originated.

Question 46

Generalists

Answer 46

These organisms do not have specific adaptations for a particular trait.

Question 47

Specialists

Answer 47

Have specific adaptations of a particular trait.

Question 48

Analogous Traits

Answer 48

Evolve via convergent evolution

Question 49

Homologous Traits

Answer 49

Have common ancestry