Lab Final Exam!

Question 1

What do nucleic acids do?

Answer 1

Store, transmit, & help express hereditary information

Question 2

What is the structural difference between DNA & RNA?

Answer 2

DNA is double-stranded & RNA is single-stranded

Question 3

What is the correct pairing of nitrogenous bonds?

Answer 3

A=T; G=C

Question 4

What makes up chromatin?

Answer 4

DNA & histone proteins

Question 5

What is the most important function that RNA is responsible for?

Answer 5

Protein Synthesis

Question 6

What is the enzyme that unwinds the DNA strands during DNA replication?

Answer 6

Helicase

Question 7

Where is the only location that DNA Polymerase can add new nucleotides on to during replication?

Answer 7

3’ prime end with the OH group

Question 8

What is the lagging strand initially made of during DNA replication?

Answer 8

Okazaki fragments

Question 9

Who took photo 51, that showed that the DNA molecule was in fact a double helix?

Answer 9

Rosalind Franklin

Question 10

Why do we use strawberries for our DNA extraction?

Answer 10

They have a lot of DNA in each nucleus

Question 11

What specifically detaches the cell and nuclear membranes away from the DNA?

Answer 11

The hydrophobic tail of the detergent molecule

Question 12

The hollow rod made of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells is called the:

Answer 12

Microtubule

Question 13

What is the first stage of Interphase and what is happening?

Answer 13

G1 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes

Question 14

What is the second stage of Interphase and what is happening?

Answer 14

S Phase: DNA replication

Question 15

What is the third stage of Interphase and what is happening?

Answer 15

G2 Phase: Increase cytoplasm, cell growth, make more organelles & proteins/enzymes

Question 16

Label these four phases of mitosis.

Answer 16

Anaphase, Prophase, Telophase, Metaphase

Question 17

Describe the difference between a diploid cell and a haploid cell.

Answer 17

Diploid has 2 sets of chromosomes, haploid only has one set of chromosomes

Question 18

What happens during the “crossing over” event of meiosis?

Answer 18

Homologous chromosomes exchange genetic information

Question 19

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

Answer 19

Mitosis results in 2 identical daughter cells; meiosis results in 4 genetically different cells with half the chromosome count for reproduction

Question 20

Label the three parts of the cell where respiration occurs.

Answer 20

Cytosol, Inner Mitochondrial Membrane, Mitochondrial Matrix

Question 21

Describe the difference between oxidation and reduction.

Answer 21

Oxidation- when a molecule loses electrons

Reduction- when a molecule gains electrons

Question 22

What is lactic acid fermentation?

Answer 22

Anaerobic respiration; where pyruvate is converted to lactic acid when oxygen is scarce

Question 23

Describe an example of lactic acid fermentation.

Answer 23

Working out to the point where muscles start cramping, running long distance

Question 24

What is alcohol fermentation?

Answer 24

Anaerobic respiration; when pyruvate is converted to ethanol when oxygen is scarce

Question 25

Describe an example of alcohol fermentation?

Answer 25

Yeast producing alcohol in the brewing process

Question 26

What does ATP stand for?

Answer 26

Adenosine Triphosphate

Question 27

Describe the first stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 27

Glycolysis; occurs in the cytosol; glucouse is broken down into pyruvate; 2 ATP & 2 NADH are produced

Question 28

Describe the second stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 28

Oxidation of pyruvate; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate is converted to Acetyl CoA; 2 NADH are produced

Question 29

Describe the third stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 29

Kreb's Cycle; occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; Acetyl CoA is converted to CO2; 6 NADH, 2 FADH2 & 2 ATP are produced

Question 30

Describe the fourth stage of cellular respiration.

Answer 30

Electron Transport Chain & Chemiosmosis; occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane; oxygen is the final electron acceptor; approximately 34 ATP will be produced

Question 31

In the cellular respiration lab videos we watched, what is being measured to observe cellular respiration?

Answer 31

The oxygen being consumed by germinating peas in the respirometer

Question 32

Where does photosynthesis occur in a plant cell?

Answer 32

In the chloroplast

Question 33

Photosynthesis is the conversion of ____ to ____

Answer 33

light energy; chemical energy

Question 34

What are the reactants of the photosynthesis formula?

Answer 34

carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight

Question 35

What is the first set of reactions of photosynthesis called?

Answer 35

Light-dependent

Question 36

Where do the first reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 36

Thylakoid membrane

Question 37

What drives the first reaction of photosynthesis?

Answer 37

Electrons

Question 38

What is the second stage of photosynthesis?

Answer 38

Light-independent

Question 39

Where do the second reactions of photosynthesis take place?

Answer 39

Stroma of the chloroplast

Question 40

What drives the second set of reactions?

Answer 40

Enzymes

Question 41

What are the final products of the second set of reactions?

Answer 41

Useful carbon products including glucose

Question 42

In the photosynthesis lab video, what makes the spinach leaf chads sink in the water beaker?

Answer 42

Extracting the leaves oxygen with reverse pressure using a syringe

Question 43

In the photosynthesis lab video, what specific photosynthesis process makes the spinach leaf chads float to the surface again?

Answer 43

Water molecules are being split & oxygen is being released

Question 44

What is the baking soda for?

Answer 44

The source for carbon dioxide

Question 45

What is the final product of the first reactions of photosynthesis?

Answer 45

ATP & NADPH