Lab Final Review Slides Flashcards by Niti Yadav

What is the main body of fungi composed of?

Cytoplasmic filaments called hyphae

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What is aseptate?

Hyphae w no walls between cells

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What is monokaryotic?

1 nuclei

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What is dikaryotic?

2 nuclei

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What are the two cytes in phylum Cnidaria and give me descriptions?

Cnidocytes - specialized cells that sting prey for food or sting in defense (example: sea anemones)
Nematocyst - stinging organelles within the cnidocytes

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What are characteristics common to both fungi and animals?

Use chitin as a structural material
– No plastids – Not photosynthetic
– Heterotrophic
– Single flagellum (in some cells/species)
– Glucose stored as glycogen (in some cells/species)

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What is karyogamy?

fusion of nucleus

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Tell me about Phylum Chytridiomycota

ex. Water Molds
The only phylum with:
Flagellated spores & isogametes (gametes that look exactly alike)
Alternation of generations (sporophyte dominant)
Isogamous reproduction (+/- no male and female and both gametes look exactly the same and reproduce)

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Tell me about Phylum Zygomycota

ex. Bread Molds, Rhizopus, Mucor
Aseptate hyphae (no walls between cells)
Characterized by the zygospore (gametangia then zygote and this is the stage after that this is just the zygote plus the protective covering of food reserves and thick cell wall, remains dormant till suitable for germination)

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What are the two higher fungi phylums?

Ascomycota and Basidiomycota

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Tell me about Phylum – Ascomycota

Conidiophores: branching structure used for asexual reproduction; spores called conidia at tips
Ascocarp: fruiting body used for sexual reproduction

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Tell me about Phylum – Basidiomycota

Basidiocarp: Fruiting body
Basidia: microscopic cells in the fruiting body that produce a diploid zygote, which then produces the haploid spores (basidiospores)

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What are the types of symmetry?

Asymmetrical - Without symmetry; irregularly shaped- ex: (Phylum Porifera –> think porous, think sponges)
Radial Symmetry - Parts radiate from the center like spokes on a wheel - ex: Phylum Cnidaria
Bilateral Symmetry - If cut down the center, the two pieces are (mostly) mirror images of each other- ex: Found in all other animal phyla

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What does the phylum Platyhelminthes entail and what are the three classes involved in it?

Stands for flat worms –> think platy is flat like platypus

Class Turbellaria - Planarians
Class Trematoda- Flukes
Class Cestoda - Tapeworms (Have scolex: tiny hookers/suckers/vampire teeth in the head that lets it attach to its hosts intestines and absorb nutrients)

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Compare and contrast protostomes and deuterostomes

Protostomes:
- Mouth FIRST from blastopore
- fixed cells (determinate)
- Schizocoeious coelem formation (got a space from their mesoderm)

Deuterostomes:
- Anus FIRST from blastopore (A and D are closer together)
- cells can become anything they want (indeterminate)
- Enterocoelous coelem formation (got pouches form their mesoderm)

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Name the three types of body cavities, indicating the layers present.

Acoelomate - no body cavity

Pseudocoelomate - Body cavity between mesoderm & endoderm, organs attached at mouth & anus

Coelomate - Body Cavity completely lined with mesoderm

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Draw the three types of body cavities and indicate the layers present

Do it

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What is the purpose of having a coelom?

Fluid within the body cavity cushions suspended organs (prevents internal injury)
Allows internal organs to grow and move independently of the outer body wall (ex: snake eating a rat or pregnancy)

Please classify the squid and/or octopus and describe unique traits

Phylum - Mollusca
Class - Cephalopoda
- Closed circulatory system with 3 hearts - dual circuit circulation (one flow for deoxygenated/oxygenated blood and one flow for delivering it to the rest of the body)
- Well-developed eyes
- Most intellegent invertebrates
-dioecious (only male organs or only female organs in each individual)

What phylum and class do starfish belom to?

Phylum Echinodermata and class Asteroidea

List the 5 traits Phylum Chordata shows at some point in their development.

Notochord - support structure
Dorsal hollow nerve cord - spinal formation
Pharyngeal gill slits - respiratory or filter feeding
Post-anal tail - movement/extension
Endostyle/ Thyroid Gland - hormone secretion

List adaptations that allowed tetrapods to live in dry environments, away from water.

Thicker skins with greatly increased amount of keratin to prevent water loss
Well-developed lungs
Reproduction generally by internal fertilization – eliminates need for water
Amniotic egg

Describe Phylum - Echinodermata Key characteristics

Spiny Protective Skins
Secondary Penta-Radial Symmetry
Water vascular system with tube feet
Bilateral as larvae
Tube feet, radial canals, madreporite
Internal skeleton - calcite plates called ossicles

What are the skull Types of Terrestrial Vertebrates?

Anapsid - no holes (temporal fenestrae) behind eyes - Amphibians & Turtles

Synapsid - one hole behind eyes - Mammals

Diapsid - two holes behind eyes - Dinosaurs & Birds, other Reptiles (except Turtles)

What classes are counted in tetrapods?

Class amphibia and class reptilia

Describe class amphibia

Incompletely terrestrial, still tied to water Gas exchange through their moist skin Ex – frogs, salamanders etc …

Describe class reptilia

Best adapted for a dry environment Most are fully covered in epidermal scales Leathery or hard shells on amniotic eggs prevent water loss Uric acid waste molecule conserves water (pee comes in solid/paste form - birds) Includes Turtles, Tuataras, Snakes, Lizards, Crocodiles, & Bird

What is the classification of tunicates (sea squirts) and what are some characteristics?

Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata It has a sac with two siphons in whihc water exits and enters

What chordate feature(s) does an adult tunicate still retain?

Larvae (free swimming) have all 5 chordate characteristics Notochord, nerve cord, and tail are lost as a sessile adult

Which part of the brain processes the dive response stimuli and generates responses?

Medulla oblongata

What is the source of the blood arriving in the right atrium? Is this blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?

Comes from the body deoxygenated

How does blood flow through the heart?

Blood goes from Body to right atrium to right ventricle to pulmonary artery to lungs to pulmonary veins to left atrium to left ventricle to aorta to body.

What are the three major events shown for the ECG?

. ECG -3 major events are shown P Wave – depolarization wave moves across atria QRS Complex – ventricular depolarization (also atrial repolarization) T Wave – repolarization of the ventricles

What are the three components of the mammalian dive response.

1. Apnea - holding the breath 2. Bradycardia – slowing of the heart rate 3. Peripheral vasoconstriction – redirect blood to heart and brain

How is cephalopods blood circulation different from mammalian blood circulation?

- Cephalopods have 3 single-chambered hearts instead of one 4-chambered heart - 2 Branchial hearts pump deoxygenated blood through gills - 1 Systemic heart pumps oxygenated blood through rest of body

What are the valves in the heart and describe with the blood flow pattern

deoxygenated blood comes in through the superior and inferior vena cava to the right atrium then goes through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle then goes through the pulmonary valve to the pulmonary artery and is sent to the lungs where it is oxygenated and then comes back through the pulmonary veins and enters the left atrium which goes through the mitral valve and enters the left ventricle and then goes through the aortic valve and goes through the aorta out to be delivered to the rest of the body

. List the two major processes into which the kidney's essential functions can be categorized.

- Filtration – blood plasma is filtered based on particle size (20% of all particles in blood are removed). Proteins and blood cells are too big to be filtered by the nephrons. - Reabsorption – Essential molecules and varying amounts of water are reabsorbed from the filtrate and returned to the blood. Filtrate not reabsorbed enters the renal pelvis as urine.

What is the ureter?

the duct by which urine passes from the kidney to the bladder

What is the smallest function unit of the kidney?

Nephrons

What are the main functions of the kidney?

- Removes metabolic wastes -Regulates body salt and electrolyte components -Regulates blood pH tetc.

After the filtrate has passed through the Loop of Henle in the Nephron, what part of the Nephron does it go through next?

Distal convoluted tubule and then collecting duct.

List the primary nitrogenous waste molecules of fish, mammals, and reptiles?

Ammonia - ex - bony fish, tadpole; uses most water Urea - ex - mammals, turtles, adult amphibians - Must use energy to concentrate their excretion Uric acid - ex - reptiles - conserves the most water

What is the glomerulus?

a network of tiny blood vessels in the kidney that filters blood to create urine.

What are the main components of the excretory system?

- Kidney - Bladder - Urethra