Lab Lecture Notes: Terminology

Question 1

Anatomical Position

Answer 1

Arms are held at the side of the body with the palms of the hand facing forward

Question 2

List the Four Planes

Answer 2

1. Sagittal Plane
2. Median Section
3. Transverse Plane
4. Frontal Plane

Question 3

Sagittal Plane

Answer 3

Divides body into unequal left and right halves

Question 4

Median section

Answer 4

Also called mid-sagittal plane; divides the body into equal left and right halves

Question 5

Transverse Pane

Answer 5

Also called cross or horizontal plane; divides the body into upper and lower sections

Question 6

Frontal Plane

Answer 6

Also called coronal plane; divides the body into front and back sections

Question 7

Anatomical Directions: Superior

Answer 7

Structure is closer to head

Question 8

Anatomical Direction: Inferior

Answer 8

Structure is closer to the feet

Question 9

Anatomical Direction: Anterior/ventral

Answer 9

Structure is closer to front

Question 10

Anatomical Direction: Posterior/Dorsal

Answer 10

Structure is closer to back

Question 11

Anatomical Direction: Proximal

Answer 11

Term only used when discussing limbs; Structure is closest to median plane

Question 12

Anatomical Direction: Distal

Answer 12

Term only used when discussing limbs; structure is farther away from median plane

Question 13

Anatomical Direction: Medial

Answer 13

Structure is closest to midline

Question 14

Anatomical Direction: Lateral

Answer 14

Structure is farther from midline

Question 15

Anatomical Direction: Superficial

Answer 15

Structure is closest to surface of the body

Question 16

Anatomical Direction: Deep

Answer 16

Structure is farther away from surface of the body

Question 17

Basic Movements: Flexion

Answer 17

In general occurs in anterior/posterior plane; Reduces the angle between the articulating elements

Question 18

Basic Movements: Extension

Answer 18

Also occurs in anterior/posterior plane; increases the angle between the articulating elements
Hyperextension: extension beyond anatomical structure

Question 19

Basic Movements: Abduction

Answer 19

Movement away from the midline in the frontal plane

Question 20

Basic Movements: Adduction

Answer 20

Movement towards the midline in the frontal plane

Question 21

Movement at specific Joints: Medial rotation/internal rotation

Answer 21

At the shoulder joint; The anterior portion of the arm rotates inward toward the trunk of the body

Question 22

Movement at specific Joints: Lateral rotation/external rotation

Answer 22

At the shoulder joint; The anterior portion of the arm rotates outward away from the trunk of the body

Question 23

Movement at specific Joints: Pronation

Answer 23

At the elbow joint; The distal radius rotates over the ulna to move; palm facing forward to palm facing back

Question 24

Movement at specific Joints: Supination

Answer 24

At the elbow joint; palm facing back to palm facing forward

Question 25

Movement at specific Joints: Elevation

Answer 25

Of the shoulder girdle; clavicle and scalpula move superiorly (shrugging)

Question 26

Movement at specific Joints: Depression

Answer 26

Of the shoulder girdle; clavicle and scalpula move inferiorly

Question 27

Movement at specific Joints: Protraction

Answer 27

Of the shoulder girdle; shoulder blades move away from spine; same as abduction

Question 28

Movement at specific Joints: Retraction

Answer 28

Of the shoulder girdle; shoulder blades move towards the spine; same as adduction

Question 29

Movement at specific Joints: Upward rotation

Answer 29

Of the shoulder girdle; the inferior angle of the shoulder blades rotate around an imaginary axis, so that the glenoid fossa is positioned more superiorly

Question 30

Movement at specific Joints: Downward rotation

Answer 30

Of the shoulder girdle; reversal of upward rotation

Question 31

Movement at specific Joints: Flexion

Answer 31

Of the Knee joint; lower legs moves posteriorly

Question 32

Movement at specific Joints: Extension

Answer 32

Of the knee joint; lower leg moves anteriorly

Question 33

Movement at specific Joints: Dorsiflexion

Answer 33

At the ankle; ankle flexes to move toes up towards the lower leg

Question 34

Movement at specific Joints: Planter flexion

Answer 34

At the ankle; ankle extension "pointing your foot"

Question 35

Movement at specific Joints: Inversion

Answer 35

At the ankle; also called supination; foot rolls to lateral side so the inside of the arch is visible

Question 36

Movement at specific Joints: Eversion

Answer 36

At the ankle; also called pronation; foot rolls to the median plane

Question 37

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Elevations and projections: Process

Answer 37

A structure that "stick outs" like a pan handle

Question 38

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Elevations and projections: Ramus

Answer 38

An extension of bone that is typically at an angle to the "body" of the bone

Question 39

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Trochanter

Answer 39

A large, rough-to-the-touch projection

Question 40

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Tuberosity

Answer 40

A smaller, rough-to-touch bump

Question 41

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Tubercle

Answer 41

A small-medium sized rounded bump, smoother surface than 1 +2

Question 42

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Crest

Answer 42

A raised ridge of bone

Question 43

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Line

Answer 43

also a raised ridge but typically narrower and lower than a crest

Question 44

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where bones meet or articulate: Articular/auricular

Answer 44

describes the area or surfaces of bones that meet with other bones

Question 45

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Head

Answer 45

rounded region at the extremity of typically a long bone

Question 46

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Neck

Answer 46

An area just inferior to the head, a narrow connection between the epiphysis and diaphysis, may be "surgical" or "anatomical"

Question 47

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Condyle

Answer 47

Large swellings on on either side of ends of limb bones

Question 48

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Facets

Answer 48

Smooth, flat, oval-shaped surfaces

Question 49

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Demi-facet

Answer 49

Small facets

Question 50

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Trochlea

Answer 50

Smooth, rounded articulating area on humerus

Question 51

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Spine

Answer 51

A sharp, pointed extension of bone, a type of process

Question 52

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Depressions and openings: Fossa

Answer 52

A fairly wide and smooth, shallow, concave surface

Question 53

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Foramen

Answer 53

A hole

Question 54

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Fissure

Answer 54

A long crack or valley

Question 55

Bone Landmark Terminology: | Areas where tendons or ligaments may attach: Sinus

Answer 55

On the skull exterior appears as small discrete hole; a chamber within bone, filled with air

Question 56

Muscle Terminology: Origin

Answer 56

Where we consider the muscle to begin. Usually remains stationary when the muscle contracts so that the insertion moves closer to the origin; More proximal than the insertion

Question 57

Muscle Terminology: Insertion

Answer 57

Describes the point where the muscle joins in order to move a particular bone/bone set

Question 58

Muscle Terminology: Action

Answer 58

Describes the movement which results from concentric contraction of a particular muscle

Question 59

Muscle Terminology: P.M.

Answer 59

abbreviation for prime mover; is a muscle that is primarily responsible for performing a listed movement

Question 60

Muscle Terminology: Antagonist

Answer 60

The prime mover for an action which is the opposite of the movement performed by the prime mover under consideration

Question 61

Muscle Terminology: Synergists

Answer 61

Muscles which assist the prime mover