Lab Midterm

Question 1

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

Answer 1

The approximation of oxygen saturation in blood; also monitors heart/pulse rate

Question 2

What is the best SpO2 rate?

Answer 2

95%; if it goes below, the animal is considered hypoxic

Question 3

What does a capnograph measure?

Answer 3

The respiratory rate of the animal and the CO2 level

Question 4

What is the best CO2 rate?

Answer 4

Between 35-45; respiratory should be above 6 (8 in cat)

Question 5

How does blood flow through the heart?

Answer 5

Starts through the caudal vena cava > enters through the right arium > through the tricuspid into the right ventricle > leaves through pulmonary artery > blood becomes oxygenated > returns via pulmonary vein > enters left atrium > mitral/bicuspid valve into left ventricle > leaves through aorta (semilunar)

Question 6

What is a doppler?

Answer 6

• Used to to listen to the sound of the pulse
• Measures only systolic pressure
• Place on palmar aspect of metacarpal or on ventral tail

Question 7

What is the best ETCO2 rate?

Answer 7

35-45 MM HG

Question 8

What is the systolic parameter for a dog?

Answer 8

90-140 bpm

Question 9

What is the systolic parameter for a cat?

Answer 9

80-140 bpm

Question 10

What is the best diastolic parameter for a dog?

Answer 10

40-80 bpm

Question 11

What is the best diastolic parameter for a cat?

Answer 11

40-75 bpm

Question 12

What is the best map parameter for a dog and a cat?

Answer 12

60-100 bpm

Question 13

What is sinus arrhythmia?

Answer 13

A variation of R-R interval that is greater than 6 boxes or 0.12 sec in a dog

Question 14

How do you calculate the heart rate on a ECG?

Answer 14

• Count the number of R peaks in a 3 second interval and multiply by 20
• 3,000 divided by the number of boxes between 2 R peaks

Question 15

What is a normal sinus rhythm on an ECG?

Answer 15

When the variation between R-R intervals is constant and under 6 boxes for a dog or 5 boxes for a cat

Question 16

What is P-Pulmonale?

Answer 16

Right atrial enlargement aka an abnormal P-wave height

Question 17

What is P-Mitrale?

Answer 17

Left atrial enlargement aka an abnormal P-wave width

Question 18

What is Atrial Fibrillation?

Answer 18

aka A-Fib; uncontrolled atrial activity resulting in fluttering before a normal QRS

Question 19

What is Ventricular Fibrillation?

Answer 19

aka V-Fib; no synchronized beats and the ventricles are fluttering (TIME FOR CPR!!)

Question 20

What is Ventricular Premature Contractions (VPCs)?

Answer 20

• When the beat originates in the wrong direction

- No real P-wave is seen

Question 21

What is Ventricular Tachycardia?

Answer 21

aka V-Tach; 3 or more VPC’s grouped together; can be treated with IV lidocaine

Question 22

What is Supraventrular QRS complex?

Answer 22

When the electrical impulse originates above the ventricle (normal) resulting in a straight, tall narrow QRS (A-Fib)

Question 23

What is a Ventricular QRS complex?

Answer 23

When the electrical impulse originates from the ventricle myocardium resulting in a wide (abnormal)

Question 24

What is a 1st Degree Heart Block?

Answer 24

• A prolonged P-R interval

- More a conduction delay and not a true block because every P wave is followed by a QRS complex

Question 25

What is 2nd Degree Heart Block?

Answer 25

- A true heart block | - Type I and Type II

Question 26

What is a type I second degree heart block?

Answer 26

Increasing PR interval until a block occurs

Question 27

What is a type II second degree heart block?

Answer 27

Loss of conduction with out prolonged P-R interval

Question 28

What is a true block?

Answer 28

When the conduction does not complete

Question 29

What is a 3rd Degree Heart Block?

Answer 29

- A complete block at the AV node/bundle of His | - The atria beats at one rate and the ventricles beat at another, resulting in a complete disconnect between P and QRS