Lab Normals

Question 1

Normal WBC count

Answer 1

4.0 - 10.5 x10^3/ul

Question 2

Normal lymphocyte pecentage

Answer 2

14 - 46%

Question 3

normal neutrophil percentage

Answer 3

40 - 74%

Question 4

normal absolute lymphocytes

Answer 4

0.7 - 4.5 x10^3/uL

Question 5

normal absolute neutrophils

Answer 5

1.8 - 7.8 x10^3/uL (1500 - 8000)

Question 6

normal monocyte percentage

Answer 6

4 - 13%

Question 7

normal eosinophil percentage

Answer 7

0 - 7%

Question 8

normal basophil percentage

Answer 8

0 - 3%

Question 9

What does erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) measure?

Answer 9

a measure of inflammation, how quickly the RBCs settle to the bottom of a test tube

Question 10

What is the dx of increased WBC?

Answer 10

leukocytosis

Question 11

What is the dx of decreased WBC?

Answer 11

leukopenia

Question 12

normal absolute eosinophils?

Answer 12

0 - 600

Question 13

normal absolute basophils?

Answer 13

0 - 200

Question 14

normal absolute monocytes?

Answer 14

0 - 800

Question 15

normal absolute lymphocytes?

Answer 15

1000 - 4500

Question 16

Describe a neutrophil’s appearance

Answer 16

multilobed, purple nucleus, light purple granulomas, pink plasma

Question 17

Describe an eosinophil’s appearance

Answer 17

bilobar nucleus, red granulocytes, red plasma

Question 18

Describe a basophil’s appearance?

Answer 18

unilobar, large purple granulomas that take up most of the cell, purple plasma

Question 19

Describe a monocyte’s appearance

Answer 19

Large purple nucleus sometimes horseshoe shaped, fine granules, blue/gray/purple cytoplasm

Question 20

Describe a lymphocyte’s appearance

Answer 20

Large purple nucleus takes up circumference of cell, small cell the size of a RBC, no granules

Question 21

Which cells are considered phagocytes? (4)

Answer 21

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes

Question 22

What are potential causes of lymphocytosis?

Answer 22

infection, leukemia, lymphoma

Question 23

What are potential causes of lymphocytopenia?

Answer 23

acquired or inherited immunodeficiency, chemo or radiation induced destruction of lymphocytes

Question 24

Locations of adult red bone marrow (6)

Answer 24

pelvic bone, ribs, proximal portion of the humerus/femur, cranium, vertebra, sternum

Question 25

Where are RBC made? (2)

Answer 25

red bone marrow (active) yellow bone marrow (inactive)

Question 26

Question 27

Function of neutrophils? (3 major)

Answer 27

1. chief phagocytes of acute inflammation 2. first to arrive on the scene within 30 min 3. most numerous WBC

Question 28

What are immature neutrophils called?

Answer 28

bands (there are few in peripheral blood)

Question 29

What are mature neutrophils called?

Answer 29

segmented "segs" (47 - 63% of neutrophils)

Question 30

What causes increase in neutrophils?

Answer 30

acute bacterial infections (increase in bands in peripheral circulation), stress, trauma

Question 31

What causes neutropenia?

Answer 31

cancer, organ transplant

Question 32

What is considered neutropenia?

Answer 32

low absolute neutrophil count less than 1000/mm^3

Question 33

Types of T-cells (4)

Answer 33

supressor, cytotoxic, helper, regulatory

Question 34

What are B lymphocytes?

Answer 34

the primary cells of the ummune response and create specific immunity

Question 35

2 Characteristics of monocytes?

Answer 35

potent phagocyte, synthesize and scretes cytokines

Question 36

what does a low monocyte count usually indicate?

Answer 36

malignancy, acute and chronic monocytic leukemia

Question 37

what does a high monocyte count indicate?

Answer 37

acute bacterial infections and TB

Question 38

When are basophils elevated?

Answer 38

hypersensitivity or inflammatory reactions, parasitic infections, hypothyroidism, ulcerative colitis, varicella

Question 39

what is the importance of granules?

Answer 39

they contain powerful enzymes to kill microorganisms and phagocitic debris

Question 40

When do eosinophil levels rise?

Answer 40

allergic reactions, parasitic infections, asthma, drug reactions, severe poison ivy "worms, wheezes and weird diseases"

Question 41

General pathology of leukemia

Answer 41

nonfunctional cancerous WBC proliferate and increase in concentration, proliferate as immature leukocytes and crowds out the mature blood cells

Question 42

Clinical manifestations of leukemia (9)

Answer 42

pallor, fatigue, SOA, weight loss, fever/chills, bone pain, lymphadenopathy, spleenomegaly, bruising (petechia, ecchymoses)

Question 43

What is ecchymoses?

Answer 43

bruising greater than 1 cm

Question 44

Diagnostic tests for leukemia (2)

Answer 44

CBC with diff, bone marrow aspiration

Question 45

What do you expect to see on a CBC in a person with leukemia?

Answer 45

anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia

Question 46

characteristics of Hodgkins Lymphoma

Answer 46

painless, progressive rubbery enlargement of a single or group of nodes (neck, chest, underarms)

Question 47

When is the normal onset of hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 47

20-34 yo, 70-79yo

Question 48

What is found on the test to diagnose hodgkins lymphoma?

Answer 48

"reed sternberg cells" with a lymph node biopsy (large B lymphocytes with more than 1 nucleus)

Question 49

Manifestations of non-hodgkins lymphoma

Answer 49

painless, superficial lymphadenopathy, night sweats, frequent infections

Question 50

What cells does non-hodgkins lymphoma affect?

Answer 50

t or b lymphocytes, can arise in lymph nodes or other organs

Question 51

Clinical manifestations of multiple myeloma

Answer 51

none initially, bone pain, anemia, frequent infections, bleeding

Question 52

Pathology of multiple myelomas?

Answer 52

plasma cells that are derived from B lymphocytes produce abnormal antibodies and make the blood thick and can damage the kidneys, the plasma crowds out normal cells