Lab Practical #1 Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
How are blood types determined?
A
Blood types are determined by the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of your RBCs. Whether you have a negative or positive blood type is determined based on if you have anti D antigens or not.
2
Q
What are the different blood types?
A
A, B, AB, and O.
3
Q
What is your blood type if you have the presence of D antigen in your blood?
A
Positive
4
Q
What is your blood type if you don’t have the presence of D antigen in your blood?
A
Negative
5
Q
What is the role of surface antigens on RBCs in determining blood type?
A
Whichever antigen/s you have on the surface of your RBCs is the blood type that you have.
6
Q
What are blood types based on?
A
Blood types are based on the interactions between antigens and antibodies.
7
Q
A person with blood type A has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?
A
Antigen A
8
Q
A person with blood type B has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?
A
Antigen B
9
Q
A person with blood type AB has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?
A
Both antigen A and B
10
Q
A person with blood type O has which antigen/s on the surface of their RBCs?
A
Neither A nor B
11
Q
Anti-A antibodies bind to which antigen?
A
Antigen A
12
Q
Anti-B binds to which antigen?
A
Antigen B
13
Q
How does the presence or absence of Rh antigen on RBCs determine whether a person is Rh positive or Rh negative?
A
A person who is Rh positive won’t make anti-Rh antibodies. A person who is Rh negative will make anti-Rh antibodies.
14
Q
Blood type A can donate to which blood types?
A
A or AB
15
Q
Blood type B can donate to which blood types?
A
B or AB
16
Q
Blood type AB can donate to which blood types?
A
AB
17
Q
Blood type O can donate to which blood types?
A
O, A, B, or AB
18
Q
Blood type A can receive blood from which blood types?
A
O or A
19
Q
Blood type B can receive blood from which blood types?
A
O or B
20
Q
Blood type AB can receive blood from which blood types?
A
O, A, B, or AB
21
Q
Blood type O can receive blood from which blood types?
A
O
22
Q
What blood type is called the universal donor?
A
Type O
23
Q
What blood type is called the universal recipient?
A
Type AB
24
Q
What happens when an incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused?
A
The recipient’s immune system attacks the donor cells. Agglutination/blood clotting occurs.
25
How does the blood typing procedure work?
o A few drops of blood are placed in each well.
o Then a few drops of anti-serum are placed in each correct well. Anti-A in well labeled A, Anti-B in well labeled B, and Anti-Rh in well labeled Rh.
o Mix each well with a separate toothpick.
o Look for a cloudy, crystalline, or clumpy appearance for a positive reaction.
26
How is blood typing determined with the blood typing procedure?
If any of the wells of blood mixed with anti-serum get a cloudy, crystalline, or clumpy appearance then there is a positive reaction. Agglutination occurs and determines what blood type the person has based on which wells coagulate.
27
What 3 types of WBC’s are classified as granulocytes?
Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.
28
What 2 types of WBC’s are classified as agranulocytes?
Lymphocytes and monocytes.
29
What does a hemoglobinometer measure? What is the unit of measure?
It measures the amount of hemoglobin in a blood sample. Grams per deciliter (g/dL).
30
How is a hemoglobinometer used?
o Turn on and wait for “test card” symbol to appear.
o Insert the black test card in the hemoglobinometer. The arrow on test card needs to be facing up.
o Wait until “blood drop” symbol appears. Add a small drop of blood in the center of test card.
o Read and record the value.
o Remove and discard the test card.
31
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in males?
13 to 18 g/dL
32
What is the normal range of hemoglobin in females?
11.5 – 16 g/dL
33
How is a hematocrit measurement done using a ruler?
o Gently invert the bottle to mix the simulated blood.
o Remove the rubber stopper.
o Place the capillary tube inside the blood in the bottle.
o Tilt the bottle and the tube until you see blood climbing up the tube.
o Fill the tube 2/3 full.
o Put your finger over the clean end of tube to prevent blood from leaking out. Place the critoseal (clay plug) to block the end for centrifuging.
o Measure the length of the packed RBCs from the end to the buffy coat in millimeters (mm).
o Measure the total length of the blood column in millimeters (mm).
o Calculate the percentage of hematocrit using the formula.
34
What is the formula for hematocrit (with ruler)? What is the unit of measure?
Length of RBCs (packed blood cells) in tube (mm) divided by the total length of blood column in tube (mm). Then multiply by 100. The unit of measure is millimeters.
35
What is the hematocrit normal range value for males?
39% - 54%
36
What is the hematocrit normal range value for females?
35% - 48%
37
What is the purpose for doing a differential white blood cell count?
It is used to diagnose infections.
38
If neutrophils counts are high, you should suspect ____.
Bacterial infection
39
If lymphocytes counts are high, you should suspect ____.
Virus
40
If eosinophils counts are high, you should suspect ____. What else could it be?
Parasitic worms. Allergy
41
If lymphocytes counts are low, you should suspect ____.
AIDS (HIV infection)
42
If band neutrophil counts are high, you should expect ____.
Acute bacterial infection
43
If there are atypical lymphocytes present, you should expect _____.
Infectious mononucleosis
44
What is the tricuspid?
The right atrioventricular valve.
45
What is the bicuspid?
The left atrioventricular valve.
46
What are the 3 principal deflections above and below the baseline in an ECG?
P wave, QRS complex, and T wave.
47
What cardiac event generates the P wave?
Atrial depolarization.
48
What cardiac event generates the QRS complex?
Ventricular depolarization.
49
What cardiac event generates the T wave?
Ventricular repolarization.
50
How do you measure the T2-T1 duration on the iWorx ECG screen?
o Click analysis
o Click add function, general, and then T2-T1.
o Position one red cursor at the peak of the R wave. Position the other red cursor at the peak of the next R wave.
o Record the T2-T1 value given at the top.
51
What is T2-T1? What is the unit of measure?
The duration between ECG events. Unit of measure is milliseconds
52
How do you calculate BMP if given the R-R (T2-T1) duration?
Divide the R-R duration by 60.
53
What is an arrythmia?
An irregular heartbeat. The heart beats too slowly, too quickly, or with an irregular rhythm.
54
What is an atrial flutter?
A type of abnormal heart rhythm that occurs when the chambers beat faster than normal and not always in coordination.
55
What is ventricular fibrillation?
The ventricles quiver instead of contracting normally. This prohibits the heart from pumping blood causing collapse and cardiac arrest.
56
What is long QT syndrome (LQTS)?
A heart rhythm disorder that causes a prolonged QT interval on an EKG.
57
What is the most serious abnormal heart rhythm?
Ventricular fibrillation
58
What is the difference between LQTS and a normal sinus rhythm?
Normally, the time between the Q wave and T wave is about a third of each heartbeat cycle. However, in people who have LQTS, the QT interval lasts longer than normal.
59
Where is the location of the radial artery pulse point?
It’s located on the wrist, on the thumb side, just below the base of the thumb, in the groove between the wrist bone and the tendon on the thumb side.
60
Where is the location of the carotid artery pulse point?
It’s located on either side of the front of the neck, just below the angle of the jaw, in the soft hollow area next to the windpipe.
61
What are the 2 measurements taken using a pulse oximeter?
Pulse rate and SpO2
62
What is the pulse rate?
A measurement of how many times your heart beats per minute.
63
What is the SpO2 values?
Blood oxygen saturation.
64
At what values does a SpO2 reading indicate inadequate oxygen levels in blood?
Below 92%
65
What are the 4 major parts of a sphygmomanometer?
o Cuff
o Dial
o Metal dial
o Rubber squeeze bulb
66
How do you properly use a sphygmomanometer?
o Place the cuff around upper arm.
o Squeeze the bulb to inflate the pressure high enough to completely block blood flow through the brachial artery.
o Place the stethoscope over your brachial artery, which is the bend of your elbow.
o Slowly release the air from the cuff while listening to the sounds of blood pumping through your artery.
67
How many Korotkoff sounds are there?
5
68
What do the Korotkoff sounds indicate?
A different phase of blood pressure.
69
What are the 5 Korotkoff sounds?
o Phase 1: a sharp tapping sound that indicates the systolic blood pressure.
o Phase 2: a swishing sound that indicates blood flow.
o Phase 3: a softer thumping sound.
o Phase 4: a muffled thumping sound.
o Phase 5: silence, which indicates the diastolic blood pressure.
70
Systolic blood pressure is indicated by what Korotkoff sound?
A sharp tapping sound.
71
Diastolic blood pressure is indicated by what Korotkoff sound?
Silence
72
What creates the sharp tapping sound known as systolic blood pressure?
The sudden rush of blood through the partially compressed artery under the blood pressure cuff.
73
What creates the silence known as diastolic blood pressure?
The point where the artery is no longer being compressed enough to create turbulent blood flow, allowing for smooth blood flow and silence.
74
What artery is used for blood pressure measurements?
The brachial artery in the arm.
75
How do you calculate pulse pressure?
Systolic pressure – diastolic pressure = pulse pressure
76
How do you calculate stroke volume?
Pulse pressure x 1.7 = stroke volume
77
How do you calculate cardiac output?
o Stroke volume x heart rate = cardiac output
o Then you have to convert the answer to Liters by dividing answer by 1000.
78
Differentiate a vein from an artery.
A vein carries blood towards the heart, while an artery carries blood away from the heart.
79
What are the 3 layers of the blood vessel wall?
Tunica externa, tunica media, and tunica intima.
80
What is the percentage of segmented neutrophils in a differential WBC count?
50% to 65%
81
What is the percentage of eosinophils in a differential WBC count?
0% to 5%
82
What is the percentage of basophils in a differential WBC count?
0% to 2%
83
What is the percentage of normal lymphocytes in a differential WBC count?
15% to 40%
84
What is the percentage of monocytes in a differential WBC count?
0% to 10%
85
What is the percentage of band neutrophils in a differential WBC count?
0% to 5%
86
What is the percentage of atypical lymphocytes in a differential WBC count?
0% to 1%
