Lab Practical (1-4)

Question 1

cranial

Answer 1

superior, toward head of body

Question 2

caudal

Answer 2

inferior, toward tail end, opposite of head/cranial

Question 3

ventral

Answer 3

anterior for humans, toward belly (think ventriloquist)

Question 4

dorsal

Answer 4

toward back, (think dorsal fin on back)

Question 5

medial

Answer 5

toward midline, middle of body)

Question 6

lateral

Answer 6

opposite of medial, away from midline (think to the Left)

Question 7

proximal

Answer 7

near axial skeleton (think close in proximity)

Question 8

distal

Answer 8

opposite of proximal (think distant)

Question 9

sagital plane

Answer 9

right and left halves

Question 10

coronal plane

Answer 10

front and back halves

Question 11

transverse plane

Answer 11

top and bottom halves, perp. to sag. (think trans)

Question 12

medial in mouth

Answer 12

midline at front of mouth

Question 13

distal in mouth

Answer 13

very opposite of medial, behind molars (think distant)

Question 14

lingual in mouth

Answer 14

toward tongue (think Language)

Question 15

buccal in mouth

Answer 15

toward cheeks (think bucees - big cheeks)

Question 16

occlusal

Answer 16

chewing surface of each tooth

Question 17

flexion

Answer 17

to flex, bending movement of limb

Question 18

extension

Answer 18

extending limbs, pop of flexion

Question 19

abduction

Answer 19

move body part away from midline sag. (think abducting away)

Question 20

adduction

Answer 20

opp. of abduct, adding towards midline sag

Question 21

rotation

Answer 21

rotate limbs on long axis

Question 22

pronation

Answer 22

to turn limbs palm face down (think Posterior)

Question 23

supination

Answer 23

to turn limbs palm face up (think wassup)

Question 24

strepsirrhines- who and where

Answer 24

Lemurs- only found in Madagascar (southeastern coast of Africa)
Lorises- found in both mainland and Africa and Asia
Galagos- only found in mainland Africa

Question 25

strepsirrhines- features

Answer 25

post orbital bar grooming claws (only streps) tooth comb (only streps) rhinarium nocturnal

Question 26

Halplorhini- features

Answer 26

no toothcomb post orbital bar and plate no rhinarium fused frontal bone diurnal

Question 27

Platyrrhini

Answer 27

2.1.3.3 (premolars) arboreal low sexual dimorphism nostrils face forward

Question 28

Catarrhini

Answer 28

2.1.2.3 arboreal & terrestrial nostrils downwards diurnal some high sexual dimorphism

Question 29

Cercopithecoidea

Answer 29

bilophodant molars (4 cusps) thorax is M-L narrow tail present

Question 30

Hominoidea

Answer 30

Y-5 molars tail absent

Question 31

Calltrichinae

Answer 31

2.1.3.2 give birth to twins re evolved claws ex: tamarin, marmoset

Question 32

Cercopithinae

Answer 32

mostly frugivorous low molar cusps broad incisors more terrestrial cheek pouches ex: baboon

Question 33

Colibinae

Answer 33

mostly folivorous narrow incisors high molar cusps sacculated stomach more arboreal ex: black and white colobus monkey

Question 34

Hylobatidae

Answer 34

lesser apes small bodied true brachiation ex: gibbon

Question 35

Ponginae

Answer 35

Asia large bodied mostly arboreal ex: orangutan

Question 36

Homininae

Answer 36

american apes humans gorillas chimp

Question 37

Frugivores- pros

Answer 37

fruit High in energy and nutrients easy to find and digest

Question 38

Frugivores- cons

Answer 38

low in protein seasonal expend more energy in finding fruit

Question 39

Frugivoore- body

Answer 39

broad incisors, low cusps, shorter shearing crests larger: rely on leaves for protein smaller: rely on insects for protein

Question 40

Kay's Threshold

Answer 40

all insectivorous primates < 500g while all folivorous primates > 500g frugivorous primates span a broad range of body sizes (30g – 80 kg).

Question 41

Jarmen Bell Principle

Answer 41

larger primates eat more abundant but lower quality foods smaller primates tend to consume rarer but higher quality foods

Question 42

Folivores- pros

Answer 42

leaves mature leaves abundant high in protein easy to find little energy to find them

Question 43

Folivores-cons

Answer 43

young leaves seasonal low in sugars hard to digest and masticate lots of energy to digest, but not find need gut specializations

Question 44

Folivores- body

Answer 44

Sacculated stomach or enlarged colon elongated intestines sharp, well developed shearing crests, narrower incisors than frugivores larger primates

Question 45

Insectivores- pros

Answer 45

insects high in protein & carbs abundant

Question 46

Insectivores- cons

Answer 46

must hunt, hard catch hard find can be seasonal energy expend to catch

Question 47

Insectivores- body

Answer 47

sharp high molar cusps, shearing crests well developed to cut into exoskeleton short simple gut smaller primates

Question 48

Omomyoids- rooneyia fossil traits

Answer 48

dental formula: 2.1.3.3 post-orbital bars bunodont (rounded cusps)- frugivorous diurnal, small orbits

Question 49

omomyoids- necrolelmur fossil traits

Answer 49

bunodont molars- frugivorous 2.1.3.3/2.1.2.3 large orbits, nocturnal leaping- long femur, partial fused tibia and fibula

Question 50

Adapoids- adapis fossil traits