lab practical 1 - endocrine

Question 1

nervous system

Answer 1

rapid response, short lived

Question 2

endocrine system

Answer 2

slower, more prolonged

Question 3

small molecules and peptides
which function as primary messengers in a signal
transduction cascade

Answer 3

hormones

Question 4

bind to a specific receptor which
affects a particular cell or tissue type

Answer 4

hormones

Question 5

derivatives of cholesterol, Affects target tissue by entering cell and
directly binding to receptors on DNA

Answer 5

steroid hormones

Question 6

need transport proteins to travel through blood

Answer 6

steroid hormones

Question 7

are steroid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophillic?

Answer 7

hydrophobic

Question 8

Affects target tissue by binding to receptors on
the outside of the cell membrane

Answer 8

non-steroid hormones

Question 9

are non-sterioid hormones hydrophobic or hydrophilic ?

Answer 9

hydrophilic

Question 10

Why do hydrophobic hormones require transport proteins to travel in the blood?

Answer 10

protects them from breaking down

Question 11

How can hydrophobic hormones easily pass through the cell membrane?

Answer 11

simple diffusion

Question 12

self-signaling

Answer 12

autocrine

Question 13

signaling of nearby cells

Answer 13

paracrine

Question 14

signaling along cell membranes

Answer 14

juxtacrine

Question 15

Location: Ventral region of diencephalon
Function: Links Nervous and Endocrine Systems
Controls: body temperature, hunger, thirst,
fatigue, circadian rhythms
- Hormones:
(CRH)
(GnRH)
(GHRH)
(TRH) Dopamine/PIH, Somatostatin

Answer 15

hypothalamus

Question 16

Location: Caudal region of
diencephalon
Controls: circadian rhythms
Hormones: Melatonin

Answer 16

pineal gland

Question 17

Location: rests in sella turcica of sphenoid
bone in medial cranial fossa at the base of
the brain
Connected to hypothalamus by
Infindibulum

Answer 17

pituitary (hypophysis)

Question 18

anterior pituitary

Answer 18

adenohypophysis

Question 19

posterior pituitary

Answer 19

neurohypophysis

Question 20

Hormones:
(AcTH)
(TSH)
(PRL)
(GH)
(FSH)
(LH)
Endorphins
Functions (respectively): stimulates adrenal glands,
stimulates metabolism, stimulates lactation,
stimulates growth, regulation of reproductive
systems and androgen production, endogenous
opioid production

Answer 20

anterior pituitary

Question 21

Hormones:
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, Vasopressin)

Answer 21

posterior pituitary

Question 22

uterine contraction

Answer 22

oxytocin

Question 23

water retention

Answer 23

ADH, vasopressin

Question 24

Composed of two lobes connected by an
isthmus.
Controls: metabolism and hormonal
sensitivity
Hormones: Thyroxine (T4),
Triiodothyronine (T3), Calcitonin

Answer 24

thyroid

Question 25

base of neck behind Adams apple

Answer 25

thyroid location

Question 26

What are some diseases caused by improper function of the Thyroid?

Answer 26

hyperthyroidism, hypothyroidism, thyroiditis and Hashimoto's thyroiditis

Question 27

Increased metabolism and HR, arrythmias, nervousness, perspiration, weight loss, thin hair and skin Grave’s disease- enlarged eyes; goiter Thyroiditis Growths on thyroid Treatments- surgery, radioactive iodine

Answer 27

hyperthyroidism

Question 28

Sensitive to cold, decreased HR, fatigue, weakness, joint/muscle pain, hair loss, brittle nails Hashimoto’s disease- Goiter Radiation Iodine deficiency- Goiter  Treatment- medication

Answer 28

Hypothyroidism

Question 29

Location: posterior face of thyroid Controls: Increases blood calcium and blood phosphate levels Antagonist to calcitonin

Answer 29

parathyroid

Question 30

What is the name of the hormone which is secreted by parathyroid gland?

Answer 30

parathyroid hormone

Question 31

Osteoporosis, stones, polyuria, nausea, fatique, cognitive disfunction

Answer 31

hypersecretion - hypercalcaemia

Question 32

convulsions, arrythmia, tetany, numbness

Answer 32

hyposecretion -Hypocalcaemia

Question 33

Hormones: Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) aka Atrial Natriuretic Hormone (ANH) Function: reduces blood pressure, vasodilation of arterioles, reduces sodium and water reabsorption, Increased urination, Reduces renin and aldosterone, Lipid mobilization

Answer 33

heart

Question 34

Location: Inferior to stomach, empties to duodenum Hormones: Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin, Pancreatic polypeptide Function: decrease blood glucose, increase blood glucose, self- inhibition, unknown function

Answer 34

pancreas

Question 35

alpha cells

Answer 35

glucagon

Question 36

beta cells

Answer 36

insulin

Question 37

delta cells

Answer 37

somatostatin

Question 38

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells

Answer 38

islet of langerhans

Question 39

bicarbonate ions, digestive enzymes

Answer 39

aciner cells

Question 40

Location: posterior to pancreas, behind abdominal cavity in retroperitoneum Hormones: Renin, Erythropoietin, Calcitriol, Thrombopoietin Functions: renin-angiotensin system, erythrocyte production stimulation, calcium uptake, platlet production

Answer 40

kidneys

Question 41

what two parts are the adrenal glands separated into?

Answer 41

cortex, medulla

Question 42

increase blood volume; electrolyte retention; leads to BP increase Ex: Aldosterone

Answer 42

Glomerulosa -> Mineralocorticoids

Question 43

immune/stress response; gluconeogenesis; anti-inflammatory Ex: cortisol

Answer 43

Fasciculata -> Glucocorticoids

Question 44

sperm development; male 2ndary sexual characteristics; precursor to estrogens Ex: Testosterone

Answer 44

Reticularis -> Androgens

Question 45

Location: center of adrenal glands, surrounded by adrenal cortex Hormones: (Epinephrine), (Norepinephrine), Dopamine, Enkephalin Functions: “fight or flight”

Answer 45

adrenal medulla

Question 46

Stimulated by: LH and FSH Hormones: Testosterone, Estradiol Inhibin Functions: stimulates spermatogenesis, inhibit apoptosis of spermatozoa, inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone

Answer 46

testes

Question 47

Stimulated by: LH and FSH Hormones in the ovaries come from the ovarian follicle itself or the corpus luteum. Location: Lateral portion of uterus in females Hormones: Progesterone, Androstenedione, Estrogens, Inhibin Functions: Maintenance of uterine lining; precursor to estrogen and testosterone; secondary female characteristics; inhibit FSH

Answer 47

ovaries

Question 48

increase in one system results in an increase in another.

Answer 48

positive feedback loop

Question 49

increase in one system results in a decrease in another.

Answer 49

negative feedback loop

Question 50

gigantism, bushings syndrome, acromegaly

Answer 50

diseases from improper regulation in the endocrine system.