Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
(217 cards)
1
Q
What kind of symmetry does Phylum Mollusca have?
A
bilateral
2
Q
What kind of coelom does Phylum Mollusca have?
A
coelomate
3
Q
Name the four main morphological features in Phylum Mollusca.
A
shell, mantle, muscular foot, visceral mass
4
Q
What animals does Mollusca Bivalvia include?
A
clams, oysters, mussels, scallops
5
Q
Where are Mollusca Bivalvia found?
A
marine and freshwater
6
Q
How do Mollusca Bivalvia feed?
A
filter feeding
7
Q
How is the shell of Mollusca Bivalvia formed?
A
from the mantle
8
Q
What is the shell of Mollusca Bivalvia made of?
A
calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
9
Q
What type of digestive system does Mollusca Bivalvia have?
A
complete
10
Q
What type of circulatory system does Mollusca Bivalvia have?
A
open
11
Q
How many chambers does the heart of Mollusca Bivalvia have?
A
three
12
Q
True/False: Mollusca Bivalvia have true eyes, containing retina, lens, and cornea.
A
true
13
Q
Analogous structure
A
structure that has the same function but different construction and was not inherited from a common ancestor
14
Q
Homologous structure
A
structure that has different mature dorms in different organisms but develop from the same embryonic tissues
15
Q
Are Mollusca Bivalvia dioecious or monoecious?
A
dioecious
16
Q
What type of fertilization do freshwater Mollusca Bivalvia undergo?
A
internal
17
Q
What type of fertilization do marine Mollusca Bivalvia undergo?
A
external
18
Q
Glochidium
A
a parasitic larval stage that some Mollusca Bivalvia undergo
19
Q
During glochidium, where do the larvae nest within the host?
A
fish gills, skin, or fins
20
Q
What animals does Mollusca Gastropoda include?
A
snails, slugs, whelks, limpets, conchs, nudibranchs
21
Q
Where can Mollusca Gastropoda be found?
A
freshwater, marine, terrestrial
22
Q
What is torsion in Mollusca Gastropoda
A
the anus twists up and sits next to the mouth of the organism
23
Q
What is the advantage of torsion?
A
animals are able to draw vulnerable head into body cavity without anus getting in the way
24
Q
What is the disadvantage of torsion?
A
fouling (feces contaminates food and breathing)
25
What is the reproductive system of Mollusca Gastropoda like?
monoecious or dioecious, but always reproduce sexually
26
What kind of circulatory system does Mollusca Gastropoda have?
open
27
What kind of digestive system does Mollusca Gastropoda have?
complete
28
Radula
mouth with rasping teeth used by Mollusca Gastropoda and Cephalopoda to scrape food into mouth
29
What is the diet go Mollusca Gastropoda?
mostly herbivorous
30
What animals does Mollusca Cephalopoda include?
squid, cuttlefish, octopuses, Nautilus
31
Where can Mollusca Cephalopoda be found?
marine
32
What is the diet of Mollusca Cephalopoda?
predatory carnivore
33
What is a unique body feature that Mollusca Cephalopoda has?
chitinous beak
34
What kind of shell do Nautilus have?
gas-filled shell used to determine buoyancy
35
What kind of shell do cuttlefish have?
cuttlebone (internal)
36
What kind of shell do squids have?
pen (internal)
37
True/False: Octopuses have an internal shell.
False
38
What kind of digestive system does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?
complete
39
What do the tentacles of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?
grasp prey and direct it into mouth
40
What do the suckers of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?
hold onto prey
41
What does the beak of Mollusca Cephalopoda do?
tear prey apart
42
What is the reproductive system of Mollusca Cephalopoda like?
dioecious
43
Hectocotylus
a modified arm used by male Mollusca Cephalopoda to transfer sperm to female
44
How does Mollusca Cephalopoda move around?
jet propulsion
45
Jet propulsion
fill mantle cavity with water, close mantle, and force water out of siphon
46
Ink glands
evasion technique used by Mollusca Cephalopoda
47
What kind of circulatory system does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?
closed
48
How many hearts does Mollusca Cephalopoda have?
two branchial and one systemic
49
What is interesting about the eyes in Mollusca Cephalopoda?
human-like eyes, but no blind spot
50
Chromatophores
pigment cells that change the color of an organism, allowing it to camouflage
51
How does Mollusca Cephalopoda communicate?
movements and visual cues using chromatophores
52
Convergent evolution
the independent evolution of similar (analogous) features in different lineages
53
Ganglia
nerve centers connected by nerve cords in Mollusca Cephalopoda
54
What kind of symmetry does Phylum Annelida have?
bilateral
55
What kind of circulatory system does Phylum Annelida have?
closed
56
Setae
small hair-like structure for locomotion in Phylum Annelida
57
Metamerism
having repeated body segments
58
Lophotrochozoans
grow continuously when conditions are good
59
Where can Phylum Annelida Class Polycheata be found?
marine
60
What kind of movement does Annelida Polycheata experience?
motile or sedentary
61
Parapodia
paddle-like appendages on each segment from which setae extend
62
What does parapodia in Annelida Polycheata do?
helps with respiration and locomotion
63
What is parapodia modified to do in tube worms?
serve as gills, circulate water through tube, and filter feed via secreted mucus
64
Clitellum
reproductive structure in Annelida Clitellata that aids in sperm transfer and cocoon formation for eggs
65
Where can Class Clitellata Subclass Oligochaeta be found?
freshwater and moist terrestrial
66
What is the genus of earthworms?
Lumbricus
67
How do earthworms move?
alternating contractions of longitudinal and circular muscles
68
What divides coelom into halves in earthworms?
Mesentery
69
Peritoneum
membrane enclosing the coelom
70
What kind of reproduction do earthworms have?
monoecious
71
What do earthworms feed on?
detritus and vegetation
72
What are the stages of earthworm digestive system?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, crop, gizzard, intestine, anus
73
What animals does Clitellata Hirudinea have?
leeches and relatives
74
Where can Clitellata Hirudinea be found?
mostly freshwater (few terrestrial and marine)
75
What kind of feeding do Clitellata Hirudinea do?
carnivorous or ectoparasitic
76
What is the strong pharynx in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?
sucking fluids
76
What is the strong proboscis in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?
penetrating host's skin
77
What are the suckers in Clitellata Hirudinea used for?
attachment to host
78
What kind of symmetry does Phylum Arthropoda have?
bilateral
79
What kind of coelom does Phylum Arthropoda have?
coelomate
80
Hemolymph
blood in hemocoel in arthropoda
81
What is the exoskeleton of Arthropoda made of?
chitin
82
Ecdysis
shedding/molting of exoskeleton to grow
83
Tagmata
fused body segments in Arthropoda
84
What kind of circulatory system do Arthropoda have?
open
85
In which subphylum are all members extinct?
Trilobitomorpha
86
What was the size range for Subphylum Trilobitomorpha?
1-75 cm
87
What do Subphylum Chelicerata use to grasp and tear food?
chelicerae
88
What two body regions does Chelicerata have?
Cephalothorax, Opisthosoma
89
What two regions do Chelicerata not have?
mandibles and antennae
90
Cephalothorax
fused head and thorax
91
Another word for Cephalothorax
prosoma
92
Opisthosoma
abdomen
93
What is the class and genus of horseshoe crabs?
Class Merostomata Genus Limulus
94
What are the six pairs of appendages in horseshoe crabs?
chelicerae, pedipalps, and 4 pairs walking legs
95
Chelicerae
detect and manipulate food
96
Pedipalps
used by males to clasp onto females during copulation
97
Telson
tail spine used to flip horseshoe crab upright
98
What do horseshoe crabs use for respiration?
book gills
99
What kind of circulatory system do horseshoe crabs have?
open
100
What is used for oxygen transport in blood cells instead of hemoglobin in horseshoe crabs?
copper-based hemocyanin
101
What color is hemocyanin?
blue-green
102
Where can Subphylum Chelicerata Class Arachnida be found?
most terrestrial, few aquatic
103
How does feeding work for Chelicerata Arachnida?
consume liquified prey after external digestion by powerful enzymes
104
What are the modified chelicerae used for in Arachnida?
fangs for venom injection
105
What do Arachnida use for respiration?
book lungs
106
What are the body regions of Arachnida?
Cephalothorax, Pedipalps, 4 pairs walking legs, spinnerets, book lungs
107
What joins the cephalothorax and abdomen in Arachnida?
slender pedicel
108
What is used to grasp prey and transfer sperm in Arachnida?
pedipalps
109
How many segments are on each leg in Arachnida?
7
110
Spinnerets
used to produce silk for web
111
Book lungs
air moves into spiracles and moves between thin, blood-filled folds where gas exchange occurs across the this tissue
112
Subphylum Myriapoda Class Chilopoda
Centipede
113
Subphylum Myriapoda Class Diplopoda
Millipede
114
How many pairs of appendages per segment in a centipede?
1
115
How many pairs of appendages per segment in a millipede?
2
116
Is a centipede an herbivore or carnivore?
carnivore
117
Is a millipede an herbivore or carnivore?
herbivore
118
Do centipedes or millipedes have a pair of appendages modified to become fangs?
centipedes
119
What are the body regions of centipedes and millipedes?
head, trunk, 1 pair antennae
120
What is a defense mechanism used by millipedes?
scent glands produce foul odor to ward off predators
121
Where can Subphylum Crustacea be found?
primarily aquatic, some terrestrial
122
How do Crustacea respirate?
gills
123
How many pairs of antennae do Crustacea have?
2
124
How many pairs of maxillae do Crustacea have?
2
125
Maxillae
upper jaw
126
What animals does Subphylum Crustacea Class Malacostraca have?
crabs, lobsters, crayfish, shrimp, krill
127
Biramous
two-branched appendages
128
What kind of appendages do Malacostraca have?
biramous
129
What covers the cephalothorax in crayfish?
carapace
130
What is the class and genus of crayfish?
Class Malacostraca Genus Cambarus
131
How many abdominal segments do crayfish have?
6 (first 5 with swimmerettes)
132
What are used to distinguish sexes in crayfish?
swimmerettes
133
Another name for Class Branchiopoda Genus Daphnia?
water flea
134
What is a water flea?
microscopic chordate
135
What is a common use for water fleas?
water quality indicator; used for ecotoxicology studies
136
What is the most diverse and successful group of animals?
Class Insecta
137
In what subphylum can Class Insects be found?
Hexapoda
138
What percentage of all named species are insects?
>50%
139
What do insects use for respiration?
tracheal tubes and spiracles
140
What does the waxy cuticle do for insects?
prevents desiccation (drying out)
141
uniramous
unbranched appendages
142
What are the three tagmata in insects?
head, thorax, abdomen
143
What are the four main appendages in the head region of insects?
antennae, mandibles, maxillae, labium
144
labium
bibbed lower lip
145
What are the three uniramous segments in the thorax region of insects?
prothorax (legs), mesothorax (legs and leathery forewings), metathorax (legs and membranous hindwings)
146
Where can Phylum Echinodermata be found?
marine
147
What kind of symmetry does Phylum Echinodermata have?
adults pent-radial, larvae bilateral
148
What is the endoskeleton of Echinodermata made of?
calcium carbonate ossicles under epidermis
149
What organ does Echinodermata not have?
brain
150
What does Echinodermata use for respiration?
dermal branchiae
151
Dermal branchiae
projections of the coelom that help with respiration and waste removal
152
What kind of coelom does Echinodermata have?
coelomate
153
Water Vascular System
system of tubules throughout the body that power tube feet
154
Madreporite
porous structure for entrance of water into water vascular system
155
Tube feet
aid in locomotion, prey capture, respiration, and excretion
156
Protostome
mouth forms from blastopore before the anus
157
Deuterostome
anus forms from blastopore before the mouth
158
What animals are in Phylum Echinodermata Class Crinoidea?
sea lilies, feather stars
159
Ambulacral grooves
lined with large spines with tube feet suckers
160
What kind of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Crinoidea have?
open
161
What kind of feeding does Echinodermata Crinoidea do?
filter feed
162
How does Echinodermata Crinoidea filter feed?
secreting mucus along arms to capture prey
163
What two organelles are absent in Echinodermata Crinoidea?
madreporite, pedicellariae
164
What are the body regions of Echinodermata Crinoidea?
stalk, calyx, 10 arms
165
What animal does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea include?
brittle stars
166
How does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea feed?
filter feeding or active predators
167
What kind of reproductive system does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea have?
dioecious
168
How does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea move?
use arms (distinct from central disc) to crawl
169
Where is the madreporite located on Echinodermata Ophiuroidea?
near the mouth
170
What kind of digestive system does Echinodermata Ophiuroidea have?
incomplete
171
What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Echinoidea?
sea urchins, sand dollars, sea biscuits, and relatives
172
How does Echinodermata Echinoidea move?
spines (some venomous) which work on a ball-and-socket joint and tube feet
173
What encases the body of Echinodermata Echinoidea?
globose shell
174
What is the globose shell made out of?
ossicle plates, forming test
175
Test
another term for globose shell
176
What type of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Echinoidea have?
closed
177
How does Echinodermata Echinoidea clean itself?
pedicellariae
178
What structures does Echinodermata Echinoidea use to respirate?
peristomial gills, dermal branchiae, tube feet
179
Where is the madreporite located on Echinodermata Echinoidea?
anal surface opposite of mouth
180
How does Echinodermata Echinoidea feed?
herbivorous or detritivorous
181
Aristotle's Lantern
five-part jaw structure with teeth in Echinodermata Echinoidea
182
Detritivorous
eating plant, algae, organic material on rocks or in sediment
183
Buccal podia
structure surrounding the mouth of Echinodermata Echinoidea that aids in sensing chemical stimuli
184
What kind of reproduction does Echinodermata Echinoidea undergo?
dioecious
185
What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Asteroidea?
sea stars
186
What kind of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Asteroidea have?
open, along each arm
187
Is pedicellariae present in Echinodermata Asteroidea?
yes
188
Where are the anus and madreporite found in Echinodermata Asteroidea?
dorsal surface opposite of mouth
189
How does Echinodermata Asteroidea move?
tube feet contract, sending water into ampullae
190
What kind of feeding do Echinodermata Asteroidea do?
active predator
191
Cardiac stomach
dissolves prey before consumption
192
Pyloric stomach
nutrient absorption
193
What nervous system structures are present in Echinodermata Asteroidea?
nerve ring, radial nerves, eyespots
194
What kind of reproduction does Echinodermata Asteroidea undergo?
dioecious
195
What animals are found in Phylum Echinodermata Class Holothuroidea?
sea cucumbers
196
Ossicles on Echinodermata Holothuroidea
microscopic and reduced on long, leathery body
197
Where is the madreporite found in Echinodermata Holothuroidea?
internally
198
What type of ambulacral grooves does Echinodermata Holothuroidea have?
closed
199
What surrounds to mouth of Echinodermata Holothuroidea?
tentacles
200
What is a defense mechanism used by Echinodermata Holothuroidea?
eviscerating internal organs
201
What kind of feeding does Echinodermata Holothuroidea do?
filter feeding or detritivores
202
How does Echinodermata Holothuroidea respirate?
two-branched respiratory tree
203
How does Echinodermata Holothuroidea respirate?
two-branched respiratory tree
204
What type of reproduction does Echinodermata Holothuroidea undergo?
dioecious
205
What kind of symmetry does Phylum Chordata have?
bilateral
206
Five chordate characteristics
dorsal, hollow nerve cord
notochord
pharyngeal gill slits
postanal tail
endostyle
207
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord (DHNC)
nerve cord and brain within a fluid-filled cavity
208
Notochord
cartilage-like slender rod of connective tissue for support and muscle attachment (in vertebrates, only present in embryonic stage then replaced by vertebral column)
209
Pharyngeal gill slits
paired slits in the pharynx for passage of water (only in embryonic stage in certain species; slits develop into ear, throat, and cranial structures in certain organisms)
210
Postanal tail
may or may not persist in adults
211
Endostyle
becomes the thyroid gland in certain organisms
212
What genus is found in Phylum Chordata Subphylum Cephalochordata?
Amphioxus
213
Where is Chordata Cephalochordata found?
marine
214
Amphioxus
move water into mouth where it passes through wheel organ and pharyngeal slits to filter food out and then water is released through atriopore
215
What animals are found in Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata?
tunicates and sea squirts
216
Tunic
tough, fibrous body coating
