Lab Practical 3 Flashcards
(155 cards)
1
Q
5 Features of Phylum Chordata
A
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
Notochord
Pharyngeal slits
Postanal tail
Endostyle
2
Q
Where is the brain expanded from?
A
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord
3
Q
Vertebral column
A
found in vertebrates in addition to or replacing notochord
4
Q
What is the vertebral column made of?
A
bone or cartilage
5
Q
Another name for Subphylum Vertebrata
A
Subphylum Craniata
6
Q
Superclass Agnatha
A
jawless vertebrates
7
Q
Superclass Agnatha Class Myxini
A
hagfish; most primitive fish and vertebrate, along with close relative lamprey
8
Q
How does Class Myxini eat?
A
use pair of rasps with teeth to scrape and pull apart food
9
Q
What does Class Myxini do whenever they feed?
A
twist themselves in knots
10
Q
How does Class Myxini move?
A
via tail whipping because they have no fins
11
Q
How does Class Myxini deter predators?
A
producing slime
12
Q
Superclass Agnatha Class Petromyzontida
A
lamprey
13
Q
How does Class Petromyzontida feed?
A
use buccal funnel to suck in prey/blood/other fluids
14
Q
How does Class Petromyzontida attach to prey?
A
using oral disc with rasping teeth
15
Q
How does Class Petromyzontida move?
A
via tail whipping because they have no fins
16
Q
What does Class Petromyzontida have an early version of?
A
vertebral column
17
Q
Ammocoetes
A
lamprey larvae, which have all 5 chordate features, that live in sand for a few years then become ectoparasitic adults (latch onto fish, etc)
18
Q
What structure did jaws derive from?
A
gill arches
19
Q
Gill arches
A
bony structures that developed to support the gills of primitive fishes
20
Q
The most successful, diverse, and numerous group of vertebrates
A
Jawed vertebrates
21
Q
Evolutionary modification
A
modifying a bodily structure to better equip further evolved species
22
Q
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Placodermi
A
jawed armor fish
23
Q
If all of the species in Class Placodermi are extinct, how do scientists know about their existence?
A
fossils
24
Q
What kind of skin (?) did Class Placodermi have?
A
either scaled or smooth depending on species
25
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Chondrichtyes
Cartilaginous fishes
26
How does Class Chondrichthyes typically find their food?
predatory behavior or scavenging
27
What is the skeleton of Class Chondrichthyes made of?
cartilage
28
Where are the red blood cells produced in Class Chondrichthyes?
spleen since they don't have bone marrow
29
What shape tail does Class Chondrichthyes have?
heterocercal
30
Ampullae of Lorenzini
senses weak electrical fields given off by prey, located on head of Class Chondrichthyes
31
Lateral line
used by Class Chondrichthyes and other fishes to detect changes in vibrations and movement in surrounding water
32
Why does Class Chondrichthyes have increased surface area in their intestinal tract?
slows food passing so that they absorb more nutrients
33
Ileum
contains spiral valve; both of these increase the efficiency of digestive system in Class Chondrichthyes
34
Rugae
longitudinal folds in the stomach of Class Chondrichthyes that allow expansion to accommodate large meals
35
Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Batoidea
skates and rays
36
Subclass Elasmobranchii Superorder Selachimorpha
sharks
37
Subclass Holocephali
chimeras (ratfish)
38
Spiracles
modified gill slits in Class Chondrichthyes that open the pharynx to outside water
39
How many gill slits open separately to the outside in Class Chondrichthyes?
5-7
40
What type of reproduction does Class Chondrichthyes undergo?
most ovoviviparous
41
What type of scales does Class Chondrichthyes have?
Placoid (look like a ray)
42
How many chambers are in the heart of Class Chondrichthyes?
two; one atrium which receives blood and one ventricle which pumps blood
43
Subphylum Vertebrata Superclass Osteichthyes
bony fish
44
Superclass Osteichthyes Class Actinopterygii
ray-finned fish
45
What is the largest group of vertebrates?
Class Actinopterygii: ray-finned fish
46
Swim bladder
air sac used to adjust buoyancy
47
What covers the gills of Class Actinopterygii?
bony operculum
48
What are the dermal scales in Class Actinopterygii made of?
bone; have growth rings like trees
49
What shape scales are found in Class Actinopterygii?
Ctenoid, cycloid, ganoid
50
How many species are found in Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Holostei?
7 spp. of gars, 1 spp. bowfin
51
Is Infraclass Holostei more closely related to other bony fishes or sharks?
bony fishes
52
What is special about the spiracles found in Infraclass Holostei?
they're reduced/vestigial
53
Ossified
thin layer of bone covers cartilage
54
What shape scales are found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?
Ganoid
55
What shape tail is found in Infraclass Holostei Order Lepisosteiformes?
Heterocercal
56
How does Order Lepisosteiformes breathe air?
using vascularized swim bladder
57
Where can most of the species in Order Lepisosteiformes found?
southeast US
58
What class and infraclass contains ~96% of all living fish species?
Class Actinopterygii Infraclass Teleostei
59
Why does Infraclass Teleostei have different morphologies?
need different characteristics to support unique niches
60
Benefit of moveable premaxilla
allows for more efficient prey capture as mouth extends out and negative pressure sucks in prey
61
Skeleton in Infraclass Holostei
lightly ossified
62
Skeleton in Infraclass Teleostei
well calcified
63
What shape tail is found in Infraclass Teleostei?
Homocercal
64
Infraclass Teleostei Order Anguilliformes
true eels
65
What type of feeding does Order Anguilliformes partake in?
predatory
66
Filiform body shape
elongated, thread-like
67
Infraclass Teleostei Order Cypriniformes
minnows, carp, loaches, goldfish, etc.
68
What shape scales are found in Order Cypriniformes?
Cycloid
69
Where can Order Cypriniformes typically be found?
freshwater
70
Weberian apparatus
bony structure that connects the auditory system (ie inner ear bones) to the swim bladder; amplifies sound waves
71
In what order can weberian apparatuses be found?
Order Cypriniformes
72
Infraclass Teleostei Order Siluriformes
catfishes
73
Barbels
whisker-like sensory organ with tastebuds
74
What covers the skin instead of scales in Order Siluriformes?
mucus for cutaneous respiration
75
Infraclass Teleostei Order Syngnathiformes
Seahorses, pipefish
76
What do the conjoined jaws in Order Syngnathiformes allow for?
ingestion of prey at close range via suction
77
Pros and Cons of Order Sygnathiformes
Pro: excellent camouflage, con: poor swimmer
78
Sexual system in Order Syngnathiformes
reverse, where the males brood and rear embryos in a pouch or on his tail until mature
79
Infraclass Teleostei Order Perciformes
most diverse vertebrate order
80
What shape scales are found in Order Perciformes?
ctenoid
81
What is a common body shape in Order Perciformes?
compressiform; flattened at sides, dorsal fin with anterior spines and posterior soft-rays
82
Infraclass Teleostei Order Tetraodontiformes
boxfish, pufferfish, triggerfish
83
What are some body forms in Order Tetraodontiformes?
square, globose, and compressed
84
Jaw bones in Order Tetraodontiformes
modified into beak with subdivided teeth
85
Ostraciiform swimmers
rigid bodies do not allow for lateral undulations, so propulsion achieved with fins; slow, precise movements
86
What are some defense mechanisms found in Order Tetraodontiformes?
Dermal scales, inflation, venom
87
Subphylum Vertebrata Class Sarcopterygii
Lobe-finned fish; coelacanth and lungfish
88
What shape tail is found in Class Sarcopterygii?
Diphycercal
89
Organs present in Class Sarcopterygii
bony operculum, swim bladder
90
Closest relative to terrestrial vertebrates
Class Sarcopterygii
91
Polygyny
many females
92
Polyandry
many males
93
Promiscuous
reproduce with many different mates
94
Monogamous
only reproduce with one mate
95
Protandrous
male first, change to female
96
Protogynous
female first, change to male
97
Parthenogenic
asexual reproduction
98
Reproductive method in many species of fish
sperm and eggs are released into water with little parental care; most have fertilization and embryonic development occurring outside the female's body
99
Ways fish can be used as environmental indicators
detection of pollutants and microplastics
100
How do fish help detect pollutants?
fathead minnows are used tot test water quality for problematic compounds before it can be deemed safe to discharge into the waterways
101
How do microplastics affect fish?
microplastics are consumed by fish and can be incorporated into tissues if even digested
102
What type of skin is found in Class Amphibia?
soft, moist, thin epidermis
103
What is a downfall of the skin found in Class Amphibia?
it can make them susceptible to fungal infections
104
What is found in the skin of Class Amphibia?
poison glands
105
What type of respiratory organs are found in Class Amphibia?
lungs in adults, gills in larvae; skin can also be used
106
How many chambers are found in the hearts of Class Amphibia?
three; two atria, one ventricle
107
What type of circulatory system is found in Class Amphibia?
closed
108
First group of true tetrapods
Class Amphibia
109
What makes Class Amphibia the most imperiled vertebrate group?
they need both land and water to complete their lifecycle
110
Class Amphibia Order Anura
frogs and toads
111
Order Anura Family Ranidae
true frogs
112
Class Amphibia Order Caudata
salamanders and newts
113
Class Reptilia Order Testudines
turtles and tortoises
114
Class Reptilia Order Squamata
snakes, lizards, skinks
115
Class Reptilia Order Crocodilia
crocodiles and alligators
116
How does Order Anura move?
jumping
117
How is Order Anura able to use their locomotion?
large, muscular hind legs, fused head, no true ribs
118
Nictitating membrane
3rd eyelid to protect eyes; found in Order Anura and Class Aves
119
Typanic membrane
external eardrum; found in Order Anura
120
How does Order Anura catch its food?
using fast and stretchy tongue attached to the front of the mouth
121
Axial skeleton
skull, vertebrae
122
Appendicular skeleton
pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, limbs
123
Urostyle
fused tail vertebrae to support jumping
124
Atlas
first neck vertebrae after the skull (allows up and down nodding motion)
125
Pulmonary
delivers deoxygenated blood to the lungs to pick up O2
126
Systemic
delivers oxygenated blood to the body and brings deoxygenated blood from the body to the heart
127
How many chambers are found in the heart of amphibians?
three
128
What is special about the ventricle in Order Anura Family Ranidae?
incomplete so deoxygenated and oxygenated blood mix here before being pumped
129
Atria
collects blood before passing to the ventricle
130
Cloaca
common cavity for reproductive and waste products before passing out of body
131
Amplexus
external egg fertilization
132
How does Class Amphibia Order Caudata move?
walking
133
Skeletal structures present in Order Caudata
ribs and caudal (tail) vertebrae, all life stages
134
Regeneration in Order Caudata
able to regenerate tail and limbs if they are somehow lost
135
Paedomorphosis
retaining juvenile or larval traits
136
Amniotic egg
shelled (or internalized) embryo with nutrients that allows for development outside of water
137
Amniotes
birds, reptiles, mammals
138
Direct development
no larval stage
139
Ectothermic
rely on environment for temperature determination
140
Anapside
no temporal openings in the skull (turtle)
141
Synapsid
one pair of temporal openings in the skull (mammals)
142
Diapsid
two pairs of temporal openings in the skull (other reptiles, avian and non-avian)
143
What shape are the legs of Class Reptilia Oder Testudines?
splayed out and bent downward at knee
144
Carapace
top (dorsal) part of the shell
145
Plastron
bottom (ventral) part of the shell
146
Scutes
scales found on top of bone
147
How does Order Testudines eat?
edges of jaw form a sharp beak
148
Cervical vertebrae
neck
149
Thoracic vertebrae
chest cavity, fused to carapace
150
Sacral vertebrae
lower back, fused to pelvic girdle
151
Caudal vertebrae
tail
152
Smallest Order Squamata
Virgin Island Dwarf Gecko
153
Largest Order Squamata
Komodo Dragon
154
Specialized ribs in Order Crocodilia
collapsible and expandable
155
Strongest jaws in the Animal Kingdom
Order Crocodilia
