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Lab Practical 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What are key characteristics of Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Four morphological features: shell (reduced/absent in some groups), mantle, visceral mass, and foot (can be highly modified)
  2. Bilaterally symmetrical with a reduced true coelom
  3. Most have a radula (a protrusible, rasp-like feeding organ)
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2
Q

What’s the circulatory system like for the classes in phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Classes Polyplacophora, Gastropoda, and Bivalvia have an open circulatory system
  2. Class Cephalopoda have a closed circulatory system
  3. All have a chambered heart
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3
Q

What’s the respiratory system like for Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Gas exchange through the mantle or through gills, lungs, and/skin
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4
Q

Which classes in phylum Mollusca breath through gills?

A
  1. Polyplacophora
  2. Bivalvia
  3. Cephalopoda
    **Gastropoda breathes through gills, lungs, and skin
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5
Q

What’s the digestive system like for Phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Complete digestive system
  2. Both mouth and anus present
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6
Q

Explain the excretory system for Phylum Mollusca

A

Their excretory system is the kidneys and typically have two of them

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7
Q

What’s the reproduction system for phylum Mollusca?

A
  1. Sexual reproduction only
  2. May be monoecious OR dioecious
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8
Q

List some characteristics of Class Polyplacophora

A
  1. Marine herbivores
  2. Broad foot
  3. Shell consists of 7-8 articulating plates
  4. Chitons (kinda look like rolly polly)
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9
Q

List some characteristics of Class Gastropoda

A
  1. Marine, freshwater, and terrestrial species
  2. Foot well-developed
  3. Shell is univalve (when present)
  4. Mostly herbivorous; some are carnivorous
  5. Largest/most diverse class in this phylum
  6. Snails, slugs, limpets, nudibranchs)
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10
Q

List some characteristics of Class Bivalvia

A
  1. Marine and freshwater
  2. Body compressed between two hinged shells (bivalve)
  3. Sedentary, filter feeders
  4. Mussels, clams, scallops, oysters, and shipworms
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11
Q

What is the structural support of Class Bivalvia?

A

Primary structural support is provided by two separate hard shells, hinged together with ligaments

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12
Q

How does class Bivalvia move?

A

Bivalves move by extending foot outward between shells

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13
Q

What is the function of the shells in class Bivalvia

A

protection

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14
Q

What is the function of the mantle in class Bivalvia?

A
  1. Secretes the shell
  2. Creates and houses gills
  3. Gas exchange
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15
Q

Function of the foot in Bivalvia

A

Locomotion

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16
Q

Function of gills in Bivalvia

A
  1. Respiration and filter feeding
    –for freshwater species, egg brooding is also done in the gills
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17
Q

Function of labial palps in Bivalvia

A

Collect food particles from the gills and sweep them toward the mouth for ingestion

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18
Q

Function of the adductor muscles in Bivalvia

A

Hold the shells closed

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19
Q

Function of the incurrent and excurrent siphon in Bivalvia

A
  1. Incurrent : bring water into body
  2. Excurrent : bring water out of the body
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20
Q

List some characteristics of Class Cephalopoda

A
  1. Marine predators
  2. Foot modified into tentacles and arms
  3. Well-developed eyes
  4. Squid, octopus, cuttlefish, nautilus
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21
Q

Function of funnel (siphon) in Cephalopoda

A

Forcefully expels water to generate movement

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22
Q

Function of mantle in Cephalopoda

A
  1. Collect water inside the squid’s body that can be forced through the funnel for rapid locomotion
  2. Protect internal organs
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23
Q

Function of fins in cephalopoda

A

Stabilize the body while swimming slowly

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24
Q

Function of the arms in cephalopoda

A

Manipulate prey and act as a rudder while swimming

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25
Function of tentacles in cephalopoda
Grab prey and pull it towards arms
26
Function of ink sac in cephalopoda
Secretes dark fluid through the rectum for protection
27
Are cephalopod shells external? If not, what are they?
Most shells are no longer external --internal support pen (octopus/squid) --cuttlebone (cuttlefish) --Nautilus are the only ones to have a shell
28
List key characteristics of Phylum Annelida
1. Metamerism (segmentation) 2. True coelom 3. Closed circulatory system 4. Complete digestive tract 5. Body wall has both circular and longitudinal muscles for greater control of movement
29
How does the circulatory system for phylum Annelida work?
Is closed --> exhibits complete blood vessels and blood pumping aortic arches (similar to heart)
30
What is the respiratory system like for phylum Annelida?
Gas exchange via skin, gills, or parapodia
31
What is the digestive system like for phylum Annelida?
Complete digestive system with a mouth, intestine, and anus
32
What is the excretory system like for phylum Annelida?
Metabolic waste is excreted via specialized structures called nephridia
33
What is the reproductive system like for Phylum Annelida?
May be either monoecious or dioecious and may reproduce either sexually or asexually
34
List characteristics of Class Errantia
1. Most are marine 2. Have parapodia adapted to function in different environments 3. Well-developed head with sensory structures 4. Sandworms, bloodworms, sea mice
35
What is the structural support of the body like in class Errantia?
Septa are found at each point where the body segments meet --> each segment of the body has fluid-filled coelom which acts as a hydrostatic skeleton
36
What is the function of parapodia in class Errantia?
Movement and respiration
37
What is the function of Setae in class errantia?
Anchor segments during movement to prevent sliding backwards
38
List characteristics of Class Ssedentaria, Order Clitellata
1. Fewer, smaller setae along body (leeches lack setae completely) 2. Lack parapodia 3. Have a reproductive structure called a clitellum (not permanent in leeches) 4. Earthworms, leeches 5. Monoecious
39
What is the structural support of the body like in Order Clitellata?
1. Earthworms: septa found at each point where body segments meet (fluid filled hydrostatic skeleton) 2. Leeches: lack septa --> hydrostatic skeleton is replaced by having its coelom filled with muscle and connective tissue
40
What is locomotion like for Order Clitellata?
1. Earthworms: move via circular/longitudinal muscles. Also use setae 2. Leeches: use muscles to move/swim. Anterior/posterior suckers may be used in crawling motion
41
What is the diet like for Order Clitellata?
1. Earthworms: primarily eat decayed organic matter/vegetation 2. Leeches: carnivorous or parasitic
42
What is the function of the clitellum in class sedentaria?
Reproduction
43
What is the function of the pharynx in sedentaria?
Bring food in for digestion
44
What is the function of the crop in sedentaria?
Store food prior to grinding and digestion
45
What is the function of the gizzard for sedentaria?
Grind food for digestion
46
What is the function of the nephridia in sedentaria?
Excrete metabolic waste from the blood and coelom
47
What is the function of the Typhlosole in sedentaria?
Increase surface area for nutrient absorption
48
What is the function of the setae in sedentaria?
Anchor the body during movement
49
What is the function of the anterior and posterior sucker in sedentaria?
Attach to host; used in feeding **both suckers are used in "looping" (inchworm) locomotion
50
What is the function of the salivary glands in sedentaria?:
Produce an anticoagulant in bloodsucking species
51
Key characteristics of Phylum Arthropoda
1. Segmented bodies with jointed appendages 2. Exoskeleton is shed periodically (ecdysis) 3. Have a true coelom that is reduced 4. Open circulatory system 5. Complete digestive tract
52
How the circulatory system works in Phylum Arthropoda
open circulatory; blood is not contained within blood vessels but is instead pumped into the body cavity
53
What respiration system is like in phylum arthropoda
respiration may occur via the body surface, with gills, through a trachea, or with book lungs
54
What the excretory system is like in phylum Arthropoda
Some have paired excretory glands; others have excretory organs (Malpighian tubules)
55
Reproductive system of Arthropoda
Usually dioecious with internal fertilization
56
What is a cephalothorax?
Refers to a fused head and thorax (one single segment)
57
What is a pygidium in Arthropoda
In trilobites, the pygidium is the most posterior segment (tagma)
58
Key characteristics of subphylum Trilobita
1. Trilobites are extinct marine arthropods known only from fossils 2. Lived during the Paleozoic era (570-250 million years ago) **Be able to identify the 3 tagmata on trilobite figures: head, thorax, and pygidium
59
Characteristics of subphylum Chelicerata, Class Merostomata
1. Two body tagmata (first of which has six pairs of appendages) --cephalothorax and abdomen 2. Horseshoe crab
60
What is the function of the chelicerae in Merostomata?
Pick up food and put it in its mouth
61
Function of the pedipalps in Merostomata
Locomotion; mails use them to grasp females during mating
62
Function of gill opercula in Merostomata
Beating of the opercula allows them to swim slowly; protect and aerate the delicate ebook gills underneath
63
Function of the telson in Merostomata
Steering while swimming; can help an upside down animal flip itself back over
64
Key characteristics of subphylum Chelicerata, Class Arachnida
1.Two body tagmata (First of which has six pairs of appendages) **Cephalothorax, abdomen 2. Spiders, scorpions, ticks, mites
65
Function of chelicerae in Arachnida
Feeding (all arachnids); defense (spiders only)
66
Function of pedipalps in Arachnida
Provide sensory info, manipulate objects, capture prey, mating (all arachnids); defense (scorpion only)
67
Characteristics of subphylum Myriapoda
Two classes: 1. Chilopoda (Centipede) **one pair of legs/segment **unfused segments 2. Diplopoda (millipedes) **two pairs of legs/segment **fused segments --Two tagmata (head and trunk)
68
Key characteristics of subphylum Crustacea, Class Malacostraca
1. Two body tagmata **Abdomen and cephalothorax 2. Two pairs of antennae 3. All crustaceans have at least a few biramous (branched) appendages 4. Crayfish, shrimp, lobsters, crabs 5. Structural support is provided by sturdy exoskeletons
69
Structure of antennae in Malacostraca
Chemosensory and tactile (touch) reception
70
Function of maxillipeds in Malacostraca
Handling food
71
Function of mandibles in Malacostraca
Chew/grind food before it enters mouth
72
Function of chelipeds in malacostraca
Defense
73
Function of swimmerets in malacostraca
Locomotion
74
Function of uropods for malacostraca
Allow for swift backward movement; protect offspring
75
Function of gills in malacostraca
Respiration
76
Function of gastric mill in malacostraca
Grind food down into smaller particles
77
Function of antennal glands (green glands) in malacostraca
Excrete metabolic waste
78
Key characteristics of subphylum Hexapoda, Class Insecta
1. Three body tagmata and one pair of antennae **head, thorax, abdomen 2. All appendages are uniramous (not branched) 3. 6 legs; two pairs of wings
79
Function of antennae in hexapoda
Chemosensory and tactile reception
80
Function of spiracles in hexapoda
Respiration
81
Function of ovipositor in hexapoda
Dig into the soil and deposit eggs into burrows
82
Function of crop in hexapoda
Store food prior to digestion
83
Function of malpighian tubules in hexapoda
Excrete metabolic waste
84
Key characteristics of Phylum Echinodermata
1. Marine animals (no freshwater or terrestrial representatives) 2. Echinodermata (hedgehog like skin) 3. Lack of cephalization 4. Pentaradial symmetry in adults 5. Calcareous endoskeleton 6. Water vascular system 7. Most are dioecious (fertilization usually external) 8. Digestive system usually complete
85
What is the excretory system like in Phylum Echinodermata?
No excretory organs --> metabolic waste is diffused through tube feet
86
Characteristics of Class Asteroidea
1. Carnivorous predators 2. Appendages radiate from a central disc that contains the mouth and other digestive water vascular structures 3. Tube feet with suckers 5. Madreporite is aboral 6. Sea stars (starfish)
87
What is the structural support of the body like for class Asteroidea
Sea stars have an internal endoskeleton made of calcium based ossicles fused together with connective tissue
88
Function of the tube feet (podia) in Asteroidea
Locomotion, prey capture, and respiration
89
Function of the madreporite in asteroidea
Filter and bring water into the water vascular system; regulate water pressure within the water vascular system
90
Function of the spines in asteroidea
Protection
91
Function of the cardia stomach in asteroidea
digestion; consumption of prey
92
Function of the ampullae in asteroidea
Each ampulla controls one tube foot by pushing water into or pulling water out of it
93
Function of the gonad in asteroidea
Reproduction
94
Function of the pyloric ceca (digestive glands) in asteroidea
Extracellular digestion
95
Key characteristics of class Ophiuroidea
1. Five long, slender arms used for locomotion 2. Arms are distinct from the central disc 3. Tube feet (feeding) lack suckers and NOT used for locomotion 4. Madreporite is located on oral surface 5. Sea starts and basket stars
96
Characteristics of Class Echinoidea
1. Globular/disc shaped with no arms 2. Compact skeleton called a test 3. Movable spines and tube feet with suckers 4. Madreporite is aboral 5. Sea urchins and sand dollars
97
Function of the tube feet (podia) in Echinoidea
Primary means of locomotion
98
Function of aristotle's lantern in Echinoidea
Mastication or chewing of food, along with the attached teeth
99
Function of the spines in Echinoidea
Protection; can assist with locomotion
100
Characteristics of Holothuroidea
1. Spines and arms absent 2. Tube feet with suckers; some modified as oral tentacles 3. Internal madreporite 4. Sea cucumbers
101
Characteristics of Class Crinoidea
1. Stalk usually present 2. Five flexible, branched arms 3. Mouth and anus on oral surface 4. NO madreporite 5. Sea lilies and feather starts
102
Key characteristics of Phylum Chordata
1. Triploblastic coelomates 2. Possess a notochord for at least a portion of their lifecycle 3. Five distinguishing characteristics only found in this phylum: notochord, dorsal nerve cord, pharyngeal slits/pouches, endostyle or thryoid gland, post anal tail 4. Closed circulatory system 5. Complete digestive tract 6. Metabolic waste removed from blood via kidneys 7. Mostly dioecious and sexual (few produce asexually) **internal or external fertilization
103
Key characteristics of subphylum Urochordata
1. Marine 2. Most are sessile as adults 3. Free-swimming larvae have all five distinguishing characteristics of chordates 4. Tunicates, sea squirts 5. Filter feeders
104
Key characteristics of Subphylum Cephalochordata
1. Marine 2. Segmented and elongated body 3. Notochord extends length of body 4. Lancelets
105
List all the phylums for this practical
1. Mollusca 2. Annelida 3. Arthropoda 4. Echinodermata 5. Chordata
106
List the classes in Phylum Mollusca
1. Polyplacophora 2. Gastropoda 3. Bivalvia (Pelecypoda) 4. Cephalopoda
107
List the classes and/or orders of Annelida
1. Errantia 2. Sedentaria (order: Clitellata)
108
List subphylum and class of Arthropoda
1. Subphylum Trilobita 2. Subphylum Chelicerata **Merostomata, Arachnida 3. Subphylum Myriapoda **Chilopoda, Diplopoda 4. Subphylum Crustacea **Malacostraca 5. Subphylum Hexapoda **Insecta
109
List the classes in Echinodermata
1. Asteroidea 2. Ophiuroidea 3. Echinoidea 4. Holothuroidea 5. Crinoidea
110
List the subphylums in Chordata
1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata
111
Everything you need to identify in a muscle
1. Adductor muscles 2. Excurrent siphon 3. Foot 4. Gills 5. Incurrent siphon 6. Labial palps 7. Mantle 8. Shell 9. Anus 10. Digestive gland 11. Gonad 12. Heart 13. Intestine 14. Kidney 15. Mouth 16. Stomach
112
Everything you need to identify in a squid
1. Arms 2. Collar 3. Eye 4. Fin 5. Funnel (siphon) 6. Mantle 7. Tentacles 8. Branchial hearts 9. Cecum 10. Gills 11. Ink sac 12. Rectum 13. Retractor muscle 14. Systemic heart
113
Everything you need to identify in an earthworm
1. Aortic arches (hearts) 2. Crop 3. Esophagus 4. Gizzard 5. Intestine 6. Mouth 7. Pharynx 8. Prostomium 9. Seminal vesicles 10. Septa 11. Nephridia 12. Coelom 13. Parapodium 14. Setae 15. Typhlosole
114
Everything you need to identify in a leech
1. Anterior sucker 2. Posterior sucker 3. Salivary gland 4. Intestine 5. Mouth 6. Nephridia 7. Pharynx
115
Everything you need to identify in a horseshoe crab
1. Chelicerae 2. Compound eyes 3. Gill opercula 4. Pedipalps 5. Telson 6. Walking legs 7. Cephalothorax 8. abdomen
116
Everything you need to identify in a spider
1. Abdomen 2. Cephalothorax 3. Chelicerae 4. Pedicel 5. Pedipalps 6. Walking legs
117
Everything you need to identify in a crayfish
1. Abdomen 2. Antennae (second anntennae) 3. Antennules (first antennae) 4. Cephalothorax 5. Cheliped/chela 6. Compound eye 7. Maxillipeds 8. Rostrum 9. Swimmerets 10. Telson 11. Uropods 12. Walking legs 13. Antennal gland (green gland) 14. Anus 15. Digestive gland 16. Heart 17. Intestine 18. Mouth 19. Stomach 20. Gastric mill

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