Lab Practical 2 Flashcards
(131 cards)
1
Q
meissner’s corpuscle
A
(tactile corpuscle) responds to light touch
2
Q
pacinian corpuscle
A
(lamellated corpuscle) responds to vibration
3
Q
free nerve endings
A
respond to temperature and mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch) or danger (nociception). Work as thermoreceptors, cutaneous mechanoreceptors and nociceptors.
4
Q
Ruffini’s corpuscle
A
responds to pressure
5
Q
sense of smell is called…
A
Olfaction
6
Q
sense of taste is called…
A
gustation
7
Q
orbicularis oculi (action)
A
closes eye
8
Q
orbicularis oculi (innervation)
A
facial nerve (VII)
9
Q
superior rectus (action)
A
rotates eyeball superiorly and medially
10
Q
superior rectus (innervation)
A
oculomotor nerve (III)
11
Q
inferior rectus (action)
A
rotates eyeball inferiorly and medially
12
Q
inferior rectus (innervation)
A
oculomotor nerve (III)
13
Q
medial rectus (action)
A
rotates eyeball medially
14
Q
medial rectus (innervation)
A
oculomotor nerve (III)
15
Q
lateral rectus (action)
A
rotates eyeball medially
16
Q
lateral rectus (innervation)
A
abducens nerve (VI)
17
Q
superior oblique (action)
A
rotates eyeball inferiorly and laterally
18
Q
superior oblique (innervation)
A
trochlear nerve (IV)
19
Q
inferior oblique (action)
A
rotates eyeball superiorly and laterally
20
Q
inferior oblique (innervation)
A
oculomotor nerve (III)
21
Q
ciliary muscles (action)
A
relaxes suspensory ligaments
22
Q
ciliary muscles (innervation)
A
oculomotor nerve (III) and parasympathetic fibers
23
Q
the 3 auditory ausicles
A
malleus (hammer)
incus (anvil)
stapes (stirrup)
24
Q
general senses do not include
A
vision
25
sensory adaptation
receptors are continuously stimulated and sensations may fade away
26
encapsulated nerve endings include
tactile (meissner's) corpuscles
27
what is a lamellated corpuscle stimulated by?
deep pressure
28
what do free nerve endings function as?
pain, warm, and cold receptors
29
true or false: lamellated corpuscles are located in the epidermis of the skin
false
30
what are nociceptors stimulated by?
tissue damage
31
responsible for the sense of light touch
tactile (meissner's) corpuscle
32
responsible for the sense of deep pressure
lamellated (pacinian) corpuscle
33
what senses are widely distributed sensory receptors throughout the body associated with?
general senses
34
where are receptor cells for the sense of taste located?
mouth, tongue, pharynx
35
where does olfactory interpretation take place in the brain?
frontal and temporal lobes of the cerebrum
36
NOT a recognized taste
mint
37
where in the cerebrum does taste interpretation take place?
insula
38
sour sensations are produced by what?
acids
39
bitter sensations are produced by what?
alkaloids
40
sweet sensations are produced by what?
sugars
41
salty sensations are produced by what?
ionized inorganic salts
42
umami sensations are produced by what?
glutamate
43
which nerves conduct impulses from taste receptors to the brain?
facial, glossopharyngeal, and vagus
44
the axons of olfactory receptors pass through small openings in the
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
45
the distal ends of the olfactory neurons are covered in hairlike
cilia
46
where is taste interpreted?
insula of the cerebrum
47
what is a taste pore?
the opening if a taste bud
48
what is the sensitive part of a taste cell?
the hairs
49
outer layer of the eye
cornea and sclera
50
cones
allow us to see color and bright light (blue, green, red)
51
where does the perception of vision occur?
occipital lobe
52
middle layer of eye (vascular tunic) is composed of the...
choroid, ciliary body, retina
53
area of the eye where vision is the sharpest
fovea centralis
54
where do tears from the lacrimal gland eventually flow through?
a nasolacrimal duct, into the nasal cavity
55
iris
controls light entering the eye
56
lacrimal gland
secretes tears
57
retina
contains visual receptors: rods and cones
58
suspensory ligament
connects lens to ciliary body
59
ciliary muscles
cause lens to change shape
60
order in which light passes
```
cornea
aqueous humor
lens
vitreous humor
retina
```
61
rods
help us see dim light (black and white)
62
normal vision is called...
emmetropia
63
myopia
(nearsightedness) need glasses to see from far; eyeball is too long
64
hyperopia
(farsightedness) need glasses to see from close; eyeball is too short
65
which lens type can correct myopia?
concave
66
which lens can correct hyperopia?
convex
67
accommodation
focusing on a near object, then looking at distant object
68
as a person ages, the elasticity of the lens...
decreases
69
what is visual acuity measured by?
snellen eye chart
70
what percentage of males does color blindness affect?
7%
71
where is the blind spot located?
optic disc
72
what does astigmatism result from?
defect in the curvature of the cornea or lens
73
percentage of females that color blindness affects
4%
74
color blindness is _____ linked and affected by ____
sex, cones
75
color blindness is the inability to see which 2 colors?
red and green
76
the optic nerve leaves the eye (back of the retina)
blind spot
77
conjunctiva function
lines the eyelids and sclera, lubricates outer layer of the eye
78
lacrimal gland function
secrete tears
79
outer (fibrous) layer (tunic)
sclera, cornea
80
middle (vascular) layer (tunic)
choroid, ciliary body, iris
81
inner layer (tunic)
retina, optic nerve
82
sclera functions
Gives the eye shape and helps protect delicate inner parts
83
cornea functions
refracts light and helps it to focus
84
choroid function
Nourishes the retina and assists with absorption of light to prevent its scattering within the eye
85
ciliary body function
attaches to the edges of the lens
86
pupil function
allows light to enter and strike the retina
87
retina function
contains the photoreceptors, here the energy of light is converted into electrical nerve impulses
88
lens function
Performs accommodation (focusing)
89
hearing is interpreted in the...
temporal lobe
90
the middle ear bones articulate from tympanic membrane to oval window in what order?
malleus, incus, stapes
91
deafness test
Rinne test
92
the cochlear nerve serves as the ____ of the vestibulocochlear nerve
hearing branch
93
outer ear structures
```
auricle (pinna)
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane (eardrum)
```
94
middle ear structures
```
tympanic cavity
auditory ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
oval window
round window
pharyngotympanic tube
```
95
inner ear structures
```
cochlea
scala vestibuli
scala tympani
scala media
spiral organ of corti
semircular ducts
vestibule
cochlear nerve
```
96
the sense organs associated with equilibrium are within the?
inner ear
97
2 types of equilibrium
static, dynamic
98
static equilibrium
balancing ourselves; side to side, forward and back
99
what structures are responsible for static equilibrium?
vestibule consisting of the utricle, maculae, and saccule
100
what structure is responsible for dynamic equilibrium?
semicircular ducts
101
dynamic equilibrium
when we turn and spin around
102
the semicircular ducts are filled with....
fluid and are responsible for detecting changes in motion
103
which nerve conducts impulses associated with equilibrium?
vestibulocochlear nerve
104
impulses associated with equilibrium have destinations in the ....
cerebellum and brainstem
105
pathway of sound vibrations
```
pinna (auricle)
external acoustic meatus
tympanic membrane (ear drum)
malleus
incus
stapes
oval window
eustachian tube
cochlea
auditory nerve fibers
vestibule
semicircular canals
```
106
auricle (pinna) function
irects sound waves down auditory canal
107
external acoustic meatus function
starts vibrations of sound waves, and directs them towards tympanic membrane
108
tympanic membrane function
vibrates when hit by sound waves and passes vibrations to middle ear
109
auditory ossicles function
three tiny bones, transmit and amplify vibrations
110
malleus function
connected to tympanic membrane
111
incus function
connects malleus to stapes
112
stapes function
connects incus to the oval window
113
oval window function
entrance to the inner ear
| vibrates and causes waves in fluid in inner ear
114
round window function
absorbs pressure waves
115
cochlea function
carries waves and converts waves into nerve impulses
116
spiral organ of corti function
contains hair cells that transmit sound vibrations to the nerve fibers
117
cataracts
light is not able to get through the retina
118
eyelid (palpebra) function
anterior protection of eye
119
canaliculi function
passageways to lacrimal sac
120
lacrimal sac function
collects tears from cannaliculi
121
nasolacrimal duct function
drainage to nasal cavity
122
ciliary processes function
secrete aqueous humor
123
What muscles change lens shape?
Ciliary
124
What holds lens into position?
suspensory ligaments
125
changes pupil diameter
Iris
126
Opening in center of iris that allows light passage
pupil
127
sensory layer with rods and cones
retina
128
where optic nerve leaves the eye
optic disc
129
focuses light onto retina
lens
130
clear, watery fluid that fills anterior and posterior chambers and pupil
aqueous humor
131
transparent gel-like filler; posterior cavity
vitreous humor
