Lab Exam 2 (Review) Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
Meissner’s corpuscle sensation
A
(tactile copuscle); responds to light touch
2
Q
Pacinian corpuscle sensation
A
(lamllated corpuscle); responds to vibration and pressure
3
Q
Free nerve endings include…
A
- thermoreceptors
- mechanoreceptors
- nociceptors
4
Q
Free nerve endings sensation
A
respond to temperature and mechanical stimuli (touch, pressure, stretch)
5
Q
nociceptors sensation
A
tissue damage
6
Q
Ruffini’s corpuscle sensation
A
respond to skin stretch
7
Q
olfaction
A
sense of smell
8
Q
gustation
A
sense of taste
9
Q
receptors that deal with taste and smell
A
chemoreceptors
10
Q
types of taste
A
sweet, sour, bitter, salty, umami
11
Q
location of taste receptor cells
A
tongue, mouth, pharynx
12
Q
Olfactory interpretation centers
A
temporal and frontal lobe
13
Q
taste interpretation
A
insula
14
Q
nerves that conduct impulses related to the sense of taste
A
facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus
15
Q
3 layers of the eye
A
- outer (fibrous)
- middle (vascular)
- inner
16
Q
outer (fibrous) layer structures
A
cornea, sclera
17
Q
middle (vascular) layer structures
A
choroid, ciliary body, iris
18
Q
inner layer component
A
retina
19
Q
eyelid (palpebra) function
A
protection
20
Q
conjunctiva function
A
lubrication
21
Q
lacrimal gland function
A
secretes tears
22
Q
sclera function
A
covers and protects
23
Q
cornea function
A
bends light, focuses it on the retina
24
Q
layers of retina
A
pigmented layer, neural layer
25
pigmented layer function
helps absorb light
26
neural layer components
neurons, photoreceptors
27
ciliary muscles function
change lens shape
28
choroid function
nourishes the retina
29
ciliary body function
controls shape and curvature of lens
30
iris function
smooth muscle, controls the entry of light
31
pupil function
lets light into the back of the eye
32
retina function
converts light into nerve impulses (contains photoreceptors)
33
fovea centralis function
detailed and colored vision (sharpness & visual acuity)
34
lens function
performs accommodation (focusing)
35
aqueous humor function
maintains eye shape
36
photoreceptors
rods, cones
37
rods
more numerous, black & white, dim light
38
cones
fine detail & color
- red, green, blue sensitive types
- bright light
39
perception of vision
occipital lobe
40
Order of light entering the eye
- cornea
- pupil
- iris
- lens
- retina
41
orbicularis oculi action
closes eye
42
orbicularis oculi innervation
facial nerve
43
Superior rectus action
rotates eyeball superiorly and medially
44
Superior rectus innervation
oculmotor nerve
45
Inferior rectus action
rotates eyeball inferiorly and medially
46
Inferior rectus innervation
oculomotor nerve
47
Medial rectus action
rotates eyeball medially
48
Medial rectus innervation
oculomotor nerve
49
Lateral rectus action
rotates eyeball medially
50
Lateral rectus innervation
abducens nerve
51
Superior oblique action
rotates eyeball inferiorly and laterally
52
Superior oblique innervation
trochlear nerve
53
Inferior oblique action
rotates eyeball superiorly and laterally
54
Inferior oblique innervation
oculomotor nerve
55
Ciliary muscles action
relaxes suspensory ligaments
56
Ciliary muscles innervation
oculomotor nerve & parasympathetic fibers
57
Emmetropia
normal vision
58
Hyperopia
far-sightedness
(need glasses to see close)
short eyeball
59
Lenses that correct hyperopia
convex
60
Myopia
near-sightedness
(need glasses to see far)
long eyeball
61
lenses that correct myopia
concave
62
astigmatism
defect in the curvature of the cornea or lens
63
cataracts
light is not able to get through the retina
64
color blindness is ____ linked
sex
65
color blindness affects ___% of males
7
66
color blindness affects ___% of females
4
67
color blindness is the inability to see which two colors?
red and green
68
Color blindness is affected by...
cones
69
Parts of ear
- external
- middle
- inner
70
the external and middle ear are involved only with...
hearing
71
the inner ear is involved with both...
hearing and equilibrium
72
External ear components
- auricle (pinna)
- external acoustic meatus
- tympanic membrane (eardrum)
73
Middle ear components
- tympanic cavity
- auditory ossicles
- oval window
- round window
- pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube
74
Inner ear components
- cochlea
- scala vestibuli
- scala tympani
- scala media
- spiral organ of corti
- hair cells
- basilar membrane
- vestibular membrane
- tectorial membrane
- semicircular ducts/canals
- vestibule
75
Hearing is interpreted in the...
temporal lobe
76
Order of sound traveling down the ear...
1. ) pinna (auricle)
2. ) external acoustic meatus
3. ) tympanic membrane (eardrum)
4. ) auditory ossicles
5. ) oval window
6. ) cochlea
7. ) basilar membrane
8. ) hair cells
9. ) auditory nerve
10. ) brain
77
sounds create...
vibrations
78
sound vibrations beat against the...
eardrum
79
the vibrations on the eardrum push the...
ossicles
80
the ossicles move...
internal fluid against the membrane
81
Steps of sound vibrations
1. ) vibrations beat against the eardrum
2. ) this pushes the ossicles that move internal fluid against the membrane
3. ) this triggers tiny hair cells that stimulate neurons
4. ) action potentials are sent to the brain for sound interpretation
82
The cochlea is filled with...
fluid; and it contains the organ of corti
83
Steps of sound
1. ) sound waves enter the outer ear and travel down the external acoustic meatus
2. ) the sound waves cause the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to vibrate, and the vibrations are sent to the auditory ossicles
3. ) the auditory ossicles amplify the sound vibrations and send them to the cochlea (filled with fluid)
4. ) once the vibrations cause the fluid inside the cochlea to ripple, a traveling wave forms along the basilar membrane
5. ) hair cells ride the wave
84
basilar membrane has a
short and long side
85
short and stiff side of basilar membrane detects...
high frequency
86
long and loose side of basilar membrane detects...
low frequency
87
pinna (auricle) function
catches sound waves
88
external acoustic meatus (ear canal) function
directs sound to the middle ear
89
tympanic membrane (eardrum) function
captures sounds and sends them down to the malleus (hammer)
90
auditory ossicles function
transmit sound waves from the eardrum to the inner ear
91
pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube function
evens out air pressure in the eardrum
92
cochlea function
(lined with tiny hairs, filled with fluids, contains the organ of corti)
-transforms vibrations into a neural signal
93
Scala vestibuli function
perilymph filled cavity, conducts sound vibrations to the cochlear duct
94
spiral organ of corti function
receives vibrations from the cochlear duct , and relays them to the auditory nerve fibers and to the brain... to be heard and interpreted
95
hair cells function
sensory receptors of the ear, detect sound and head motion
96
part of ear responsible for equilibrium
inner ear
97
2 types of equilibrium
static, dynamic
98
Static equilibrium
side to side, front and back motion
99
structures responsible for static equilibrium
utricle, saccule, maculae (vestibule)
100
Dynamic equilibrium
turn, spin around
101
structures responsible for dynamic equilibrium
semicircular canals/ducts
102
Equilibrium uses...
- combination of fluid and hair cells
- fluid is controlled by head movement
- hair cells sense the motion of fluid
