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Lab Practical Flashcards

1
Q

Study Guide:

  • Name (spelling counts) and fxn of all structures mentioned in handout
  • Anatomical term meanings (ex: lateral, ventral, etc.)
  • Reproductive modes of each organism and structures to identify sex
A

Study Guide:

  • Name (spelling counts) and fxn of all structures mentioned in handout
  • Anatomical term meanings (ex: lateral, ventral, etc.)
  • Reproductive modes of each organism and structures to identify sex
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2
Q

What are the anatomical terms for front/back?

A

Anterior and Posterior

E.g. the toes are anterior to the heel, and the popliteus is posterior to the patella

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3
Q

What are the anatomical terms for position above/below another part of the body?

A

Superior and Inferior

E.g. the orbits are superior to the oris, and the pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.

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4
Q

What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the trunk of the body?

A

Proximal and Distal

E.g. the shoulder is proximal to the arm, and the foot is distal to the knee.

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5
Q

What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the surface of the body?

A

Superficial and Deep

E.g. the skin is superficial to the bones, and the brain is deep to the skull.

Sometimes profound is used synonymously w deep.

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6
Q

What are the anatomical terms for position closer or further fr the midline of the body?

A

Medial and Lateral

E.g. the nose is medial to the eyes, and the thumb is lateral to the other fingers.

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7
Q

What are the anatomical terms for structures derived fr the front or back of the embryo, before limb rotation?

A

Ventral and Dorsal

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8
Q

What are the anatomical terms for structures close to the top of the skull or towards the bottom of the body?

A

Cranial and Caudal

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9
Q

How does the saggital plane divide a structure?

A

Vertically, into right and left sides

  • Midsagittal or median - directly down middle.
  • Parasagittal or longitudinal - uneven sides.
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10
Q

How does the frontal plane divide a structure?

A

Anterior (front) and Posterior (back) portions

  • Frontal plane often referred to as coronal
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11
Q

How does the transverse plane divide a structure?

A

Horizontally, into upper and lower portions

  • Produce cross-sections.
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12
Q

The earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) belongs to a group of animals called _______, aka the _________ worms.

A

The earthworm (Lumbricus terrestris) belongs to a group of animals called annelids, aka segmented worms.

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13
Q

Which side of the worm is the rounded top, and which side is the flattened bottom?

A

Dorsal - rounded top

Ventral - flattened bottom

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14
Q

The _______ is a saddle-like swelling on the dorsal surface that extends from segment 33 to segment 37.

A

The clitellum is a saddle-like swelling on the dorsal surface that extends from segment 33 to segment 37.

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15
Q

What is the fxn of the clitellum for reproduction?

A

Produces a mucus sheath used to surround the worms during mating

Also resp for making the cocoon w/i wh fertilized eggs are deposited.

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16
Q

The worm’s ______ are the tiny bristle-like spines located on every segment except the first and last one.

A

The worm’s setae are the tiny bristle-like spines located on every segment except the first and last one.

  • Used for locomotion
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17
Q

The clitellum is nearer the anterior or posterior end?

A

Anterior

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18
Q

The _______ is a fleshy lobe that extends over the mouth, wh is located on the ______ (ventral or dorsal) surface of the first segment.

A

The prostomium (lip) is a fleshy lobe that extends over the mouth, wh is located on the ventral surface of the first segment.

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19
Q

The worm’s reprod sys consists of a pair of __________, wh extend fr the clitellum to about segment 15, where a pair of ____ (fe/male) genital pores are located.

A pair of ____ (fe/male) gential pores are also located at segment 14, and the two pairs of openings of the _______ receptacles are located on segment 10.

A

The worm’s reprod sys consists of a pair of sperm grooves, wh extend fr the clitellum to about segment 15, where a pair of male genital pores are located.

A pair of female genital pores are also located at segment 14, and the two pairs of openings of the seminal receptacles are located on segment 10.

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20
Q

A worm’s male genital pores can be found at which segments?

A

Segments 15 and 26

Sperm grooves extend fr clitellum to segment 15

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21
Q

A worm’s female genital pores are found at which segment?

A

Segment 14

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22
Q

In worms, eggs are produced in the ______ and pass out of the body thru female genital pores at segment ___. Sperms are produced in the _____ and pass thru tiny male genital pores at segments __ and __.

A

In worms, eggs are produced in the ovaries and pass out of the body thru female genital pores at segment 14. Sperms are produced in the testes and pass thru tiny male genital pores at segments 15 and 26.

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23
Q

Describe worm mating and fertilization.

A
  1. Two worms line up against one/an, facing opp directions.
  2. Both worms excrete mucus, forming a slime tube around their bodies.
  3. Both worms ejaculate sperm into slime tube, then sperm is deposited in other worm’s sperm receptacle.
  4. As ea travels fwd, mucus fr clitellum passes over and sticks to the sacs containing the worm’s own eggs.
  5. Eggs then pass over seminal receptacle, where the other worm’s sperm is kept, and fertilization occurs outside the body.
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24
Q

Does worm fertilization occur inside or outside the body?

A

Outside

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25
In worms, the ____ are thin-membranes that conn the integument to internal structures.
In worms, the **septa** are thin-membranes that conn the integument to internal structures.
26
Describe the circulatory system of worms.
Five pairs of **aortic arches** (hearts) Circulatory fluid travels fr arches thru **ventral blood vessels** to **capillary beds** in the body. Fluids collect in **dorsal BV** and reenter aortic arches.
27
Worm digestive system: muscular _____ is located at anterior end and used for food ingestion → tube-like \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, wh terminates in a soft, thin storage stomach called the \_\_\_\_\_\_. Next is the muscular \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, where soil is ground up and churned → opens into a long \_\_\_\_\_\_, where both digestion and absorption occur.
Worm digestive system: muscular **pharynx (S1-6)** is located at anterior end and used for food ingestion → tube-like **esophagus (S6-13)**, wh terminates in a soft, thin storage stomach called the **crop (S14-15)**. Next is the muscular **gizzard (S16-18)**, where soil is ground up and churned → opens into a long **intestine (S19+)**, where both digestion and absorption occur.
28
Worm nervous system consists of the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, wh travels the length of the worm on the ventral side, and a series of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, wh are masses of tissue containing many nerve cells. The ________ surrounds the pharynx and consists of nerve cells above and below the pharynx. Ea segment contains an enlargement, or \_\_\_\_\_\_, along the nerve cord.
Worm nervous system consists of the **ventral nerve cord**, wh travels the length of the worm on the ventral side, and a series of **ganglia**, wh are masses of tissue containing many nerve cells. The **nerve collar** surrounds the pharynx and consists of ganglia above and below the pharynx. Ea segment contains an enlargement, or **ganglion**, along the ventral nerve cord.
29
What serves as the brain of the earthworm?
**Ganglia** *above* the pharynx
30
The worm’s excretory organs are tiny \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The worm’s excretory organs are tiny **nephridia**. * Two on every segment * Appear as tiny white fibers on dorsal body wall. * No gills/lungs
31
A worm's reprod system consists of a pair of ovaries in segment ___ and two pairs of tiny testes in segments ___ and \_\_\_.
A worm's reprod system consists of a pair of ovaries in segment **13** and two pairs of tiny testes in segments **10** and **11**.
32
What is meant by earthworms being simultaneous hermaphrodites?
Worms have **both** male and female reprod organs. During sexual intercourse, **both sets of sex organs are used by both worms, and the eggs of both of the mates become fertilized**.
33
The crayfish body consists of two regions, the anterior _________ (covered by a continuous exoskeleton, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_) and the posterior \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, which is composed of a number of independently movable segments.
The crayfish body consists of two regions, the anterior **cephalothorax** (covered by a continuous exoskeleton, the **carapace**) and the posterior **abdomen**, which is composed of a number of independently movable segments.
34
The cephalothorax consists of the fused ____ and the \_\_\_\_, distinguished by the _________ of the carapace.
The cephalothorax consists of the fused **head** and the **thorax**, distinguished by the **cervical groove** of the carapace.
35
Posterior to the cervical groove, the sides of the carapace form the right and left **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, which are free along their ventral margins and cover the gill chambers
Posterior to the cervical groove, the sides of the carapace form the right and left **branchiostegites**, which are free along their ventral margins and cover the gill chambers
36
On the ______ (ventral or dorsal) side of the carapace and extending _________ (ant/posteriorly) from the cervical groove are right and left **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_** grooves that mark the attachment of branchiostegites to the body underlying the carapace.
On the **dorsal** side of the carapace and extending **posteriorly** from the cervical groove are right and left **branchiocardiac** grooves that mark the attachment of branchiostegites to the body underlying the carapace. * Heart lies immediately below these grooves.
37
The anterior prolongation of the carapace is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The anterior prolongation of the carapace is the **rostrum**.
38
The exoskeleton of ea segment of the crayfish abdomen consists of a dorsal \_\_\_\_\_\_, ea side of wh is fused to a lateral \_\_\_\_\_\_.
The exoskeleton of ea segment of the abdomen consists of a *dorsal* **tergum**, ea side of wh is fused to a lateral **pleuron**.
39
The pleura extend ventrally beyond their attachment to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, the ventral plate of the exoskeleton.
The pleura extend ventrally beyond their attachment to the **sternum**, the ventral plate of the exoskeleton.
40
The abdomen ends w the \_\_\_\_\_\_, bearing the ______ on its ventral surface, and flanked by a pair of flattened appendages, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, wh are attached to the segment immediately anterior to the telson.
The abdomen ends w the **telson**, bearing the **anus** on its ventral surface, and flanked by a pair of flattened appendages, the **uropods**, wh are attached to the segment immediately anterior to the telson.
41
Swimmerets consist of a basal portion, the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, to wh is attached a lateral ________ and median \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Swimmerets consist of a basal portion, the **protopodite**, to wh is attached a lateral **exopodite** and median **endopodite**.
42
The second segment of the crustacean head bears a pair of sensory ________ (shorter), and the third segment bears the ________ (longer).
The second segment of the crustacean head bears a pair of sensory **antennules** (shorter), and the third segment bears the **antennae** (longer).
43
The larger, paired ________ are chewing mouth parts on the ventral side of the cephalothorax. Closely assoc w these are two pairs of accessory feeding appendages, the ____ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, wh are obstructed by the first, second, and third \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The larger, paired **mandibles** are chewing mouth parts on the ventral side of the cephalothorax. Closely assoc w the mandibles are two pairs of accessory feeding appendages, the **first** and **second maxillae**, wh are obstructed by the first, second, and third **maxillipeds**.
44
Describe diffs in swimmerets and genital openings b/w males and female crayfish.
In **males**, **swimmerets have struc mods** that help grasp female during copulation. In females, swimmerets will look similar to those found on rest of abdomen. Genital openings are difficult to see in the abdominal region: * In **males** - on base of **fifth** pair of thoracic walking legs. * **Females** - on base of **third** pair of walking legs.
45
Locate the following structures on the diagram: 1. Long Antennae 2. Short Antennae (antennules) 3. Chelipeds 4. Four pairs of walking legs 5. Cephalothorax 6. Carapace 7. Cervical Groove 8. Swimmerets 9. Abdomen 10. Uropods 11. Telson
46
The branchiostegites are removed to expose the gills, some of wh are attached to the bases of appendages and are removed w them; others are attached to the inner wall of the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.
The branchiostegites are removed to expose the gills, some of wh are attached to the bases of appendages and are removed w them; others are attached to the inner wall of the **gill chamber**.
47
The two light-colored masses extending on ea side of the crayfish body into the head are the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (The heart is located just posterior to these.)
The two light-colored masses extending on ea side of the body into the head are the **digestive glands**. (The heart is located just posterior to these.)
48
Describe where to find reprod organs in crayfish.
B/w digestive glands, the small pair of white reprod organs and cuts in the **male** animal. If **female**, a large mass of dark colored eggs.
49
Given the open circulatory system of crayfish, the heart is surrounded by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The heart is surrounded by a **pericardial sinus**.
50
The crayfish heart has one dorsal and two lateral pairs of openings, the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**.
The crayfish heart has one dorsal and two lateral pairs of openings, the **ostia**. In life, the heart is bathed by blood that fills the sinus, thereby closing the ostia and forcing blood from the heart into the arteries.
51
The anterior end of the crayfish cephalothorax is occupied largely by the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
The anterior end of the cephalothorax is occupied largely by the **stomach**.
52
In male crayfish, the vas deferens on ea side of a teste is a convoluted tube extending over the surface of the digestive gland to pass ventrally and open where?
In male crayfish, the vas deferens on ea side of a teste is a convoluted tube extending over the surface of the digestive gland to pass ventrally and open **on the base of the fifth walking leg**.
53
Beneath the crayfish dorsal abdominal exoskeleton is a pair of longitudinal muscles, the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.**
Beneath the crayfish dorsal abdominal exoskeleton is a pair of longitudinal muscles, the **abdominal extensors**
54
The intestine is flanked by ___________ muscles.
The intestine is flanked by **abdominal flexor** muscles.
55
Identify the following structures: 1. stomach 2. heart 3. male gonad 4. extensor muscles 5. flexor muscles 6. anus 7. digestive gland 8. maxilliped 9. esophagus 10. mandible 11. mouth 12. green gland (kidney) 13. eye
56
Frog (*Lithobathes* *pipiens*) are members of class \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
Frog (*Lithobathes* *pipiens* ) are members of class **Amphibia**.
57
Frog eggs are laid and fertilized where?
Eggs are laid and fertilized in **water.**
58
On the outside of the frog’s head are two external \_\_\_\_\_\_, or nostrils, two \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or eardrums, and two eyes, each of which has ___ (#) lids.
On the outside of the frog’s head are two external **nares**, or nostrils, two **tympani**, or eardrums, and two eyes, each of which has **three** lids.
59
The frog's third eyelid, called the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, is transparent and attached to the ______ (top or bottom) of the eye.
The frog's third eyelid, called the **nictitating membrane**, is transparent and attached to the **bottom** of the eye.
60
Inside the mouth are two internal \_\_\_\_\_\_, or openings into the nostrils, two ________ teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth, and two _______ teeth at the sides of the mouth. Also inside the mouth behind the tongue is the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, or throat.
Inside the mouth are two internal **nares**, or openings into the nostrils, two **vomerine** teeth in the middle of the roof of the mouth, and two **maxillary** teeth at the sides of the mouth. Also inside the mouth behind the tongue is the **pharynx**, or throat.
61
In the frog's pharynx, there are several openings: One into the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, the tube into which food is swallowed. One into the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, thru wh air enters the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, or voice box. Two into the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, wh conn the pharynx to the ear.
In the frog's pharynx, there are several openings: One into the **esophagus**, the tube into which food is swallowed. One into the **glottis**, thru wh air enters the **larynx**, or voice box. Two into the **Eustachian tubes**, wh conn the pharynx to the ear.
62
In frogs, indigestible materials pass thru the large intestine and then into the **\_\_\_\_\_\_\_**, the common exit chamber of the digestive, excretory, and reprod systems.
In frogs, indigestible materials pass thru the large intestine and then into the **cloaca**, the common exit chamber of the digestive, excretory, and reprod systems.
63
The frog's urinary system consists of wh structures?
The urinary system consists of the frog’s **kidneys**, **ureters**, **bladder**, and **cloaca**.
64
What are the male and female organs of the frog reprod sys?
The organs of the male frog reprod system are the **testes**, **sperm ducts**, and **cloaca**. For female frogs: **ovaries**, **oviducts**, **uteri**, and **cloaca**.
65
Describe the movement of sperm and eggs in the frog reprod sys.
The **testes** produce **sperm**, wh move thru **sperm ducts**, tubes that carry sperm into the **cloaca**, fr wh sperm move outside the body. The **ovaries** produce **eggs**, wh move thru **oviducts** into the **uteri**, then thru the **cloaca** outside the body.
66
How many toes are present on each foot and each foreleg of the frog? Are they webbed?
Hindlegs - 5 toes, webbed Forelegs - 4 toes, unwebbed
67
Know these frog head structures
68
Identify the structures of the frog's urogenital system.
**Ovary (A)**: makes eggs; often too small to see, but eggs are visible. **Oviducts (B)**: eggs travel through these **Testes (C)**: Make sperm **Kidneys (D)**: Filter Blood **Cloaca (E)**: Where sperm, eggs, urine, and feces exit. **Urinary Bladder (F)**: Stores Urine **Ureters (G)**: Carry urine fr kidneys to bladder
69
Label the frogs abdominal structures
70
Describe frog reproduction.
All frogs reproduce sexually, and all hatch from eggs. ## Footnote Egg fertilization typ happens *outside* female's body, in water. With frogs in mating posture (amplexus), female releases eggs and male releases sperm simult.
71
How to tell male and female frogs apart.
Disk around male's tympani is larger than eyes, while female's is same size. Females are signif larger Males dev gripper pads on thumbs of forelegs. Both have internal sex organs, but neither used for gestation. Male's dev dark throat color during mating season.
72
What are the scientific names of earthworms, crayfish, and frogs
Earthworm: *Lumbricus* *terrestris* Crayfish: *Procambarus* *clarkii* Frog: *Lithobates* *pipiens* (prev. *Rana pipiens*)

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