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Bio 211 > Lab Practicum Final > Flashcards

Lab Practicum Final Flashcards

1
Q

what do fluid membranes do?

A

allow a certain amount of fluid to come out without breaking

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2
Q

what happens if the beet cell wall is damaged?

A

red betacyanin molecules leak out of the cell membrane

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3
Q

selectively permeability

A

a membrane that allows small, uncharged molecules and hydrocarbons to pass through the phospholipid bilayer while some larger molecules and ions can only pass through specific transport proteins that traverse the membrane

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4
Q

betacyanin

A

a reddish pigment found in beets (Beta vulgaris) that is contained in the vacuole of the cell (the vacuole is surrounded by the tonoplast which is surrounded by the cell membrane)

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5
Q

tonoplast

A

vacuolar membrane

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6
Q

how does temperature change in general affect membrane damage?

A

the membrane has a specific temperature that it functions the best at, and very high and very low temperatures damage the cell membrane

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7
Q

how does raising the temperature affect a cell membrane?

A

raising the temperature causes the membrane to become more fluid, causing the phospholipid bilayer to shift more, allowing more molecules in and out of the cell

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8
Q

how does lowering the temperature affect a cell membrane?

A

lowering the temperature causes the cell to freeze and the cell membrane becomes more rigid, causing it to be more easily damaged when brought back to room temperature

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9
Q

how does organic solvent concentration affect cell membrane damage?

A

higher concentrations of organic solvents results in more membrane damage

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10
Q

which organic solvent damages cell membranes more, acetone or methanol?

A

acetone

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11
Q

how do acetone and methanol damage cell membranes?

A

they dissolve phospholipids which make up the cell membrane

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12
Q

substrate

A

a molecule that binds with an enzyme and undergoes chemical rearrangement

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13
Q

how do enzymes work?

A

enzymes accelerate the rate of chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to trigger the reaction

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14
Q

active site

A

the place on an enzyme that reacts with a substrate

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15
Q

denature

A

inactivate enzymes by altering their 3D shape and inhibiting their substrate binding efficiency

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16
Q

amylase

A
  • an enzyme that is found in the saliva of animals that consume starch as part of their diet
  • controls the initial digestion of starch by breaking it down into disaccharide maltose molecules
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17
Q

maltose

A

produced as a result of starch consumption

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18
Q

effect of temperature on starch consumption

A

37* C is optimal for starch consumption due to the fact that amylase is not as effective at extremely low or high temperatures

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19
Q

effect of pH on starch consumption

A

a certain pH is optimal for starch consumption

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20
Q

how does concentration of amylase affect starch consumption?

A
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21
Q

aerobic cellular respiration formula

A

C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy (ATP & heat)

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22
Q

aerobic respiration

A

metabolic pathways that require oxygen

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23
Q

anaerobic respiration

A

metabolic pathways that do not require oxygen

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24
Q

glycolysis

A

the initial step in both cellular respiration and fermentation: the splitting of glucose into two pyruvate molecules; proceeds with or without oxygen

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25
where does glycolysis occur?
the cell's cytosol
26
what is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration?
oxygen
27
respirometer
apparatus for measuring rate of oxygen consumption
28
manometer
the part of the respirometer that shows when the oxygen is consumed
29
respiration rate calculation
(volume of O2 consumed (mL))/(weight (g) X time (minutes))
30
mouse Latin name
Mus musculus
31
effect of temperature on oxygen consumption
lowering the temperature increases oxygen consumption
32
ascarite
absorbs CO2
33
drierite
absorbs water vapor
34
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
35
citric acid cycle and electron transport chain take place...
within the mitochondria
36
how many net ATP molecules are formed as a result of fermentation?
2
37
how many net ATP molecules are formed as a result of cellular respiration?
32
38
pyruvate
a 3-carbon molecule; 2 are formed from glycolysis that are shipped to the mitochondria where they are broken down completely into CO2 and H2O which allows ATP to be made
39
what happens to pyruvate in an anaerobic environment?
pyruvate is reduced to lactic acid or fermented into CO2 and ethanol during the alcoholic fermentation pathway
40
alcoholic fermentation equation
C6H12O6 --> 2C2H5OH + 2CO2 + ATP + heat
41
lactic acid fermentation equation
C6H12O6 --> 2CH3CHOHCOOH (lactic acid) + ATP + heat
42
yeast latin name
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
43
what carbohydrates are yeast cells able to use for energy?
glucose, maltose, starch
44
how to calculate the volume of gas produced in a fermentation tube
V = pir^2h
45
how does fermentation affect the pH of a solution
decreases pH
46
how does the production of CO2 relate to the fermentation of a specific sugar?
more CO2 = more sugar consumption
47
how does temperature affect the volume of CO2 produced?
higher temperature = more CO2 produced
48
how does yeast concentration affect the volume of CO2 produced?
higher yeast concentration = more CO2 produced
49
cell cycle
all of the events that occur from the time that a cell is formed to when it divides
50
the cell cycle is divided into two main parts:
interphase and the mitotic phase
51
interphase: G1
the cell grows by synthesizing new organelles
52
interphase: S
cell replicates the genetic material so that when it divides there will be two sets of chromosomes for the resulting cells
53
interphase: G2
the cell produces enzymes and structures that are needed to undergo cell division
54
karyokinesis
the process in the mitotic phase where the nuclear material divides and results in two daughter nuclei that have the same number and kinds of chromosomes as the parental nucleus
55
cytokinesis
follows karyokinesis; seperates the cytoplasm, resulting in the formation of two daughter cells
56
percentage of cell cycle: interphase
about 90%
57
percentage of cell cycle: prophase
about 12.5%
58
percentage of cell cycle: metaphase
about 1.07%
59
percentage of cell cycle: anaphase
about 0.71%
60
percentage of cell cycle: telophase
about 0.89%
61
function of mitosis
- create genetically identical cells that are not sex cells | - grows multicellular organisms and is how unicellular organisms reproduce
62
chi^2 (x^2) =
sum[(O - E)^2/E], where O = observed and E = expected
63
degrees of freedom
always 1 less than the number of classes of possible outcomes
64
multiple allelic traits
traits with more than two alternate forms of alleles
65
codominant state
traits may have two alternate alleles that are expressed simultaneously with both being equal in their dominance to each other
66
controlled research study 6 formal sections
Abstract, Introduction, Materials and Methods, Results, Discussion, and References
67
Observational study
no control group, subjects are merely observed without any sort of manipulation of the scenario
68
review article
reviewing a study that has already been done
69
CSE Style Reference
Last name of each author followed by first initial and middle initial if present (seperate each author's name with a comma). Full title of the article. Name of the journal year that the article was published; volume number of the journal(issue number of the journal): page numbers-of the article.
70
NCBI
National Center for Biotechnology Information | -type NCBI into google,
71
GenBank
part of the International Nucleotide Sequence Database Collection, which comprises the DNA DataBank of Japan (DDBJ), the European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), and GenBank at NCBI Purpose: to find the specific DNA sequence for anything
72
FASTA format
- begins with a single-line description, followed by lines of sequence data - the description line (defline) is distinguished from the sequence data by a greater than (>) symbol at the beginning
73
paper chromatography
samples containing different molecular components are placed on specially treated paper (the stationary phase) and put into a container with solvent (the moving phase)
74
how does paper chromatography work?
as the solvent soaks into the paper, it forms a front which passes through the samples. some of the sample components move with the solvent, while others lag behind resulting in seperation
75
absorption coefficient
the affinity for a component to be absorbed
76
what does it mean if a molecule goes higher on the paper chromatography test?
it means that it has a lower absorption coefficient and a high solubility product constant (more affinity for solvent)
77
what does it mean if a molecule does not go very high on the paper chromatography test?
it means that it has a higher absorption coefficient and a low solubility product constant (less affinity for solvent)
78
matrix (chromatography)
everything in the sample other than the desired molecules
79
single phase system
a system that has a single solvent
80
dual phase system
a mixture of two different types of solvents
81
thin layer chromatography (TLC)
a technique used for chemical seperation and analysis of multiple component mixtures
82
electrophoresis
a technique used to seperate proteins and nucleic acids either in a free aqueous solution or in solutions held in a solid matrix such as agarose gel
83
what purposes does the electrophoresis buffer serve?
a. to transmit electrical charge through protein samples | b. to keep the gel at a stable pH
84
how can you tell if a sample contains a mixture of molecules?
if during chromatography or electrophoresis there are multiple colors of molecules seperated from each other
85
what are the 3 practical purposes of electrophoresis?
a. to identify the number of compounds in a mixture b. to identify which compounds are in a mixture c. to identify the chemical nature of the molecules
86
main purpose of PCR
to produce many copies of a selected gene segment or locus of DNA
87
buccal epithelial cells
cheek cells
88
what is the purpose of the Chelex beads?
to bind divalent magnesium ions
89
why are Mg++ ions removed?
these ions often serve as cofactors for nucleases that will degrade your DNA sample and may interfere with the enzyme (Taq polymerase) used in the reaction
90
what equipment do you need for PCR
- sterile pipette tips - boiling water bath - high-speed centrifuge - PCR tubes - PCR machine (thermal cycler)
91
master mix reagents
- dNTP's (10mM) - forward primer (4pm/uL) - reverse primer (4 pm/uL) - 10X PCR buffer - MgCl2 - Taq Polymerarse - molecular grade water
92
what is the purpose of the forward and reverse DNA primers in the PCR mixture?
to copy both sides of the DNA molecule
93
why did we amplify DNA specifically from and intron region in the tPA gene of each student? (PCR)
that is where the Alu gene is located
94
PCR Denaturing Step
break H-bonds between DNA strands
95
PCR Annealing Step
primers bond to template DNA
96
PCR Extension Step
Taq Polymerase makes new complementary strands
97
transposons
jumping genes
98
intron
the spots on a gene that do not code for amino acids
99
Alu genotype
can be homozygous negative Alu (both DNA molecules are 100 bp long), homozygous positive Alu (both DNA molecules are 400 bp long), or heterozygous Alu (one DNA molecule is 100 bp long and the other is 400 bp long)
100
BLAST
Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
101
polymorphism
when variation of a DNA sequence at a given spot on a chromosome occurs too frequently to be accounted for by a new mutation alone - can be as small as a single DNA base, but more often it is a variation in the number of repeated bases
102
ethanol formula
C2H5OH
103
lactic acid formula
CH3CHOHCOOH
104
RFLP
restriction fragment length polymorphism
105
STR
short tandem length analysis
106
carotones
- yellow | - moves as far as the solvent front
107
carotones
- yellow | - moves as far as the solvent front

Bio 211 (15 decks)

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