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lab quiz 1 Flashcards

1
Q

why are multispecies microbial communities easy to grow/cultivate

A

good understanding of nutritional reqs

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2
Q

what is a cell made of

A

water, macromolecules (prots, lipids, nucleic acids, polysaccs, aa, FA, nucleotides, sugar)

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3
Q

what do all microorganisms req

A

C, N, O, H, P, S, Se (most also req Na, K, Ca, Mg)

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4
Q

what is a culture medium

A

nutrient mixture for growing microorganisms that can be liq or sol

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5
Q

why do we use agar

A

it is a solid culture medium and most microorgs cant digest it

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6
Q

what does complex media contain/what makes it special

A

growth factor supplements and exact nutritional chem comp is not known

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7
Q

what is an advantage of using solid agar medium

A

cells are immobilized on the surface

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8
Q

what is a colony

A

a visible mass of cells where a single invisible bacterial cell multiplied and divided into daughter cells

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9
Q

what does morphology dep on

A

ID of org (genetics), conditions it was grown in, nutrients available, physiological parameters/incubation

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10
Q

morph characteristics influenced are?

A

size, shape, margin, elevation, colour

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11
Q

what is a mixed culture

A

agar plate w colonies of dif morphologies

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12
Q

what is a pure culture

A

only one morph present

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13
Q

why are agar plates stored agar side up

A

prevents condensation from dripping onto agar and disrupting microbial growth

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14
Q

higher temps tend to _____ growth rate

A

increase

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15
Q

punctiform

A

spots and less than 1 mm in diam

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16
Q

round/circular

A

round edges/unbroken > 1 mm

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17
Q

irregular

A

uneven along edges

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18
Q

rhizoid

A

root like

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19
Q

spindle

A

growth develops in media and oval

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20
Q

filamentous

A

long, irregular interowven threads

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21
Q

list the five types of edges

A

smooth
undulate (wavy)
lobate (large indents)
irregular/erose (sharp pt’d edges)
filamentousm(thread-like)

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22
Q

list the five types of elevation

A

flat
raised
convex
pulvinate
umbonate

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23
Q

what are biofilms

A

several species of bact co existing and organized into enclosed adhesive matrix made of polysaccs, prots, nucleic acids

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24
Q

what are advantages of biofilms for bact

A

nutrient rich env
cell-cell commun
nutrient exchange
genetic exchange
protection against physical disruption, phagocytosisi, antimicrobials

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25
what is dental plaque
microbial biofilm that forms on/bw teeth and gumline; one of the densest collections of bact in body
26
where do healthy humans have bact
surface tiss's and constitute normal microflora and microbiome
27
what is the mouth a suitable habitat for
750 species of aerobic and anaerobic microorganisms Streptococcus, Haemophilus, Veillonella, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium
28
what challenges do bact face and what do they do to overcome them
lysozyme and mechanical disruption bact produce adherence factors that allow them to attact to gum and teeth Ex) Streptococcus parasanguis and Streptococcus mutans attach to enamel Ex) Veillonella and Fusobacterium to gumline
29
why is a brightfield microscope used
to examine ind bact cells
30
what does a condensor lens do
focuses light on specimen focal plane
31
what do you see through objective lens
a magnified real image w in the mic
32
what does the ocular lens do
magnifies image further
33
what does parfocal mean
image remains in focus as objective lens change
34
as the mag increases, the res____
decreases
35
what is res
ability of a lens to sep/distinguish bw small objects that are close together
36
what does the immersion oil do
replaces the air bw slide an dobjective lens (oil has same refractive index as slide)
37
what are the advantages/dis of a wet mount
cells are alive, no distortion and motility hard to see cells and cell wall features
38
what are bact stains made of
powdered dye in water or OH have pos charged salts//interact w neg part of bact (ionic)
39
what does fixation do
preserves int/ex structs of cell, inactivates enz that could affect morphology, and fixes cells so not washed away heat fixation kills cells and destroys prots in structs
40
advantages of looking at multiple fields of view
increases number of obs, allowing to better differentiate morphs
41
as magnification increases, the diameter of the field of view_____
decreases
42
label parts of mic
refer to lab manual
43
set up koehler illum
mark spot in corner fully raise stage (use coarse focus away) fully raise condenser (use black circular knob away) 10X obj aperture 10x center dot and focus close field diaphragm (black tab to right) use condensor to get crisp heptagon use field diaphragm to get edges just outside circle
44
ex of rod
e coli (1 um w, 2-3 um L), salmonella, shigella
45
ex pf cocci
staphylococcus (1 um diam), streptococcus
46
ex of filament
streptomyces
47
ex of spirochete
treponema denticola
48
what can overheating do
alter or lyse cell
49
what happens w inconsistent smear prep
low dens, hard to find; high dens, hard to correctly asses cell grpings
50
what will excessive washing do
partial decolorization of stained cells
51
if you cant see what should you do
open aperture diaphragm (do not increase light intensity)
52
if you lose cells at 100X, what should you do
make sure slide isnt upside down make sure slide isnt dirty
53
if you lose cells during X-Y
restart at 10X by finding your ink mark (DO NOT use oil on 40X)
54
what does differential staining allow you to see
difs in bacterial cell structure
55
what is crystal violet
primary stain
56
what is an iodine solution
mordant (to help bind dye to target molecules by forming a three component insoluble crystal violet-iodine-cell component complex)//becomes resistant to dissolution in solvent
57
what is safranin
secondary stain//counterstains g neg cells pink
58
what colour are gram pos
purple
59
list 4 gram neg
Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas putida Escherichia coli Salmonella enterica
60
list 4 gram pos
Staphylococcus aureus Staphylococcus epidermis Enterococcus faecalis Bacillus cereus
61
a g stain diff's bact based on
cell wall composition and structure
62
what does the cell wall consist of
all cellular components that are located just outside the pm
63
what does the cell wall do
struct support protection (from env and other cell or host defense mechs) exclusion barrier pathogenicity
64
what is the pm
innermost layer that surrounds bact cell
65
cell envelope
cell wall and pm
66
what is peptidoglycan
aka murein large mesh like polymer each subunit made of nag and nam aa form small peptide and connect carboxyl grp of nam subunits = glycan tetrapeptide
67
how are the nag/nam subunit sugars connected
covalent glycosidic bonds
68
what do transpeptidase enz do
crosslink chains or peptid to each of their nam-peptides
69
70
cells can crosslink and recycle their peptid subunits when_____
they are metabolically active (growing and dividing)
71
list the features of g pos
thick peptid peptid outside peri space teichoic acids (neg charge) lipoteichoic acids (anchor pm lipids) cell walls are strong, low lipid content, more resistant to osmotic press
72
gram neg feats
thin peptid w in peri space large peri space outermem cov linked to lipoprot LPS (lipid A, core polysac, outer o side chain) overall neg charge
73
why treat w acetone-OH
for g pos, peptid layer dehydrates which shrinks pores and traps dye for g neg, lipids in outermem are dissolved, t/f more porous, thin payer of peptid cant retain dye and t/f decolourize
74
what dets whether dye-iodine complex is retained or lost
thickness and comp of bact ce;; wall
75
order the g stain procedure
crystal violet iodine acteone OH safranin
76
what can lead to false stain results
too much OH (can decol g pos) too little OH (underdecol g neg t/f get false pos) not enough countertsain (cant see g neg)
77
if too much heat for fixation
cell wall damaged t/f more susceptible to decol
78
if not enough heat for fixation
cells will slide away
79
what was in the mixed cult in lab 3
Staphylococcus epidermidis Pseudomonas putida
80
what are the ingredients of the TSA plate
trypticase peptone, phytone peptone, sodium chloride, agar, dH2O
81
what does the phytone peptone in TSA provide for bact
aa, minerals, 35% carbs
82
what oral cavity bact is rod shaped
Lactobacillus sp.
83
what oral cavity bact is cocci and form long chains
Streptococcus mutans
84
what oral cavity is cocci and form short chains
Streptococcus mitus
85
what risk group levels are the bact in lab 3
risk group level 1
86
when preparing a streak plate from a broth culture, when is it necessary to heat sterilize the inoculating loop
before culture transfer, after q 1, after q4
87
w the streak plate technique, what are the aseptic functions of the bunsen burner
sterilize the inoculating loop flaming open mouth of culture tubes generating a heated updraft that prevents air contaminants from settling into work surface

Micro Lab Quiz 1 (5 decks)

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