Lab Quiz #1 Flashcards by Jordyn Drake

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What are the characteristics of Acute Leukemias?

Rapid increase of immature blood cells. Leads to crowding and makes the bone marrow unable to produce healthy blood cells.
Requires immediate treatment due to the rapid progression and accumulation of the malignant cells, which then spill over into the blood stream and spread to other organs.

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What form of leukemia is most common in children? And which one of the four specifically?

Acute forms of Leukemia– Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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What are the characteristics of Chronic Leukemias?

Excessive build up of relatively mature, but still abnormal, white blood cells. Typically takes months or years to progress, but these abnormal cells are still produced at a higher rate than normal cells, results in many abnormal WBCs in the blood.
This form of leukemia can be monitored for some time before treatment to ensure maximum effectiveness of therapy.

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What form of leukemia mostly occurs in older people? But can theoretically occur in any age group?

Chronic forms of Leukemias.

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Another name for Lymphoblastic?

Lymphocytic

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Another name for Myelogenous?

Myeloid

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Which leukemia leads to cancerous changes in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form lymphocytes?
Most involve a specific subtype of which lymphocyte?

Lymphocytic Leukemias.

Most involve the lymphocyte B Cell.

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What are lymphocytes?

Infection-fighting immune system cells

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Which leukemia leads to cancerous changes in a type of marrow cell that normally goes on to form red blood cells, some other types of white cells, and platelets?

Myelogenous Leukemias.

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Standard treatment for ALL?

Chemotherapy and Radiation
Survival rate in kids- 85%
Survival rate in adults- 50%

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Subtype of chronic lymphocytic leukemia? What accounts for its name?

Hairy cell leukemia, characterized by an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes.

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Common treatment for AML?

Chemotherapy

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Highest survival odds?

Chronic myelogenous leukemia

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Name for pinprick bleeds?

Petechiae

Symptoms of Leukemia for the following groups-
Systemic
Lungs
Muscular
Bones/Joints
Psychological
Lymph Nodes
Spleen/Liver
Skin

Systemic- Weight loss, fever, frequent infections (flu like symptoms, feeling sick)
Lungs- Easy shortness of breath
Muscular- Weakness
Bones/Joints- Pain and/or tenderness
Psychological- fatigue and loss of appetite
Lymph Nodes- Swelling
Spleen/Liver- Enlargement (Pt. can feel full)
Skin-Night sweats, easy bleeding and bruising, purplish patches/spots.

Red blood cell deficiency leads to what? Which may also cause what two other things?

Anemia, Dyspnea and Pallor.

Most common symptom if the leukemic cells invade the CNS?

Headaches

What is necessary to diagnose Leukemia?

Medical tests because all of the symptoms can be associated with other diseases. Usually repeated complete blood counts and a bone marrow examination following observations of the symptoms. Lymph node biopsy, XRay, MRI, ultrasound can be used to view damage to bones, brain, kidneys, spleen, and liver from leukemia.

What is aleukemia?

When a pt’s leukemic WBCs are contained in the bone marrow instead of entering the bloodstream. This means the patients blood test can appear normal or low.

Describe the process by which leukemia occurs via changes in DNA

Somatic mutations in the DNA produce leukemia by activating oncogenes or deactivating tumor suppressor genes. This leads to disruption in regulation of cell death, differentiation or division. This may occur spontaneously or as a result of exposure to radiation or carcinogenic substances, likely to be influenced by genetic factors.

Give an example of a virus that has been linked to leukemia

Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (a human retrovirus)

Give some examples of chemicals known to be cancer causing

Benzene, alkylating chemotherapy agenets, tobacco, petrochemicals, and hair dye.

Another name for Human T- lymphotropic virus? | What is it known to cause?

HTLV-1 | It's known to cause adult T-Cell leukemia.

You would find Auer Rods in a blood smear of which leukemia? (as well as an increase in immature myeloblasts with prominent nuclei)

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

Which leukemia blood smear would show a lot of immature lymphocyte precursors with larger nuclei that contain nucleoli?

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia | most commonly overproduction of B cells, but sometimes also T cells

Smudge cells (ruptured WBCs) are a telltale sign of which leukemia?

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

If a patient had an increased number of Basophils and Eosinophils along with more banded and immature myeloid cells, which leukemia would you suspect?

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia | has less blasts than AML

Hairy Cell Leukemia is a subtype of which Leukemia? | Characteristic of HCL?

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia | Hairy cell is an accumulation of abnormal B lymphocytes with a "hairy" appearance under microscope.

From most abundant to least abundant what order would you expect to find the types of white blood cells?

``` Neutrophils (58%) Lymphocytes (35%) Monocytes (4%) Eosinophils (2.7%) Basophils (0.3%) ```

In the Clinical Application what were the patients main complaints?

Not feeling himself and blurry vision. He had a fall three days prior but was not left unconscious. And since then had been experiencing night sweats.

What abnormal thing was noticed during the examination of the patient in the clinical application?

Enlarged spleen.

Which Leukemia did the doctors believe the man had in the clinical application?

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia

What are the genetic details given in the clinical application about chronic myelogenous leukemia?

The Philadelphia chromosome, known also as the genetic scramble, is a hybrid containing improper swapping of two gene fragments from chromosomes 9 and 22. This produces a mutant protein, a type of tyrosine kinase, which triggers the leukemia.

What does the tyrosine kinase produced from the Philadelphia chromosome do to lead to cancer?

It effects natural inhibitors, limiting them, and acting like a gas pedal leading to an increased production of the abnormal WBCs.

What drug was developed to help treat chronic myeloid leukemia?

Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor The name of it was Imatinib, or Gleevec. It helps inhibit the tyrosine kinase hopefully preventing a "blast crisis" in the patient being treated.

What treatments was the man from the clinical application given to treat his leukemia?

IV fluids and hydroxyurea, a chemotherapy agent, and gleevac.

Name of chart used to test color blindness

Ishihara Color Test

Test used to check vision

Snellen Eye Chart