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A+P 2 > Lab Quiz 1 - Endocrine System > Flashcards

Lab Quiz 1 - Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

chemical signals that are released in small amounts by specialized epithelial cells
travel through blood to target tissues

A

hormone

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2
Q

hormones are chemical signals that are released in small amounts by

A

specialized epithelial cells

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3
Q

proteins are ____________ soluble and _____________

A

water; polar

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4
Q

steroids are ______________ soluble and _____________-

A

fat; nonpolar

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5
Q

proteins bind to

A

membrane bound receptors

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6
Q

steroids bind to

A

intracellular receptors

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7
Q

what does it mean if a target tissue is “down-regulated” over time

A

the target tissue becomes less sensitive to the amounts of hormone present

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8
Q

why do steroid hormones utilize intracellular receptors

A

steroid hormones are fat soluble and can easily cross the cell membrane

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9
Q

why do protein hormones utilize membrane bound receptors

A

proteins are water soluble, so they activate second messengers

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10
Q

located in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone, posterior to the optic chiasm

A

pituitary gland (hypophysis)

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11
Q

the pituitary gland is connected to the hypothalamus via

A

the infundibulum

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12
Q

the adenohypophysis (anterior pituitary) is composed of what type of tissue

A

simple cuboidal epithelial tissue

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13
Q

what connects the anterior pituitary to the hypothalamus

A

hypothalamohypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

releasing and inhibiting hormones of the anterior pituitary (6)

A

GHRH, GnRH, TRH, CRH, and PIH, and GHIH

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14
Q

what does the releasing of hormones from the hypothalamus trigger the anterior pituitary to do

A

secrete hormones or inhibit ant. pituitary from releasing

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15
Q

true or false: the adenohypophysis is not vascularized

A

false

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16
Q

the neurohypophysis consists of what type of cells and tissue?

A

glial cells and nervous tissue

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17
Q

true or false: the neurohypophysis is the more innervated part of the pituitary gland

A

true

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18
Q

why does the posterior pituitary not secrete any hormones?

A

primarily nervous tissue

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19
Q

where do axons from the hypothalamus pass down to terminate at the neurohypophysis + release their hormones

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

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20
Q

hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary gland (6)

A

growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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21
Q

hormones whose targets are other endocrine glands

A

tropic hormones

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22
Q

what are the tropic hormones

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
lutenizing hormone (LH)

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23
Q

clinical implications of growth hormone

A

pituitary dwarfism and gigantism
acromegaly

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24
Q

response is an amino acid uptake for protein and glycogen synthesis, growth in tissues, stimulates muscle and bone growth

A

growth hormone (somatotropin)

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25
Q

what is the target of growth hormone

A

mostly bodily tissues, but especially connective tissues and muscle

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26
Q

not enough growth hormone

A

pituitary dwarfism

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27
Q

too much growth hormone

A

pituitary gigantism

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28
Q

too much growth hormone as an adult

A

acromegaly

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29
Q

structure of growth hormone (GH)

A

protein

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30
Q

response is to stimulate mammary glands to produce milk soon after birth

A

prolactin (PRL)

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31
Q

what is the primary target of prolactin

A

mammary glands

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32
Q

what is the structure of prolactin

A

protein

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33
Q

response is to increase thyroid hormone production

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

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34
Q

what is the target of TSH

A

thyroid gland

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35
Q

what is the structure of TSH

A

glycoprotein

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36
Q

response is to increase hormone secretion from the adrenal cortex (especially glucocorticoids)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

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37
Q

what is the structure of ACTH

A

peptide

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38
Q

what is the target of ACTH

A

adrenal cortex

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39
Q

response is follicle maturation and estrogen secretion in ovaries, and sperm cell production in testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)

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40
Q

what is the target of FSH

A

follicles in ovaries, seminiferous tubules

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41
Q

what is the structure of FSH

A

glycoprotein

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42
Q

response is ovulation and progesterone production in ovaries, testosterone synthesis and support for sperm cell production in testes

A

lutenizing hormone (LH)

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43
Q

what is the target of LH

A

ovaries and testes

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44
Q

what is structure of LH

A

glycoprotein

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45
Q

which hormones are secreted by the posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis)

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
oxytocin

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46
Q

response is nephrons reabsorb water instead of losing it as urine

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin

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47
Q

clinical implications of ADH

A

if there is an ADH deficiency, copious urination can lead to diabetes insipidus

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48
Q

what is the target of ADH

A

nephrons of the kidney

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49
Q

what is the structure of ADH

A

small peptide

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50
Q

response causes uterine contractions and milk ejection

A

oxytocin

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51
Q

what is the target of oxytocin

A

uterus and mammary glands

52
Q

what is the structure of oxytocin

A

small peptide

53
Q

what is the anterior surface of the thyroid gland responsible for

A

secreting thyroid hormone (TH) and calcitonin

54
Q

what does the posterior surface of the thyroid gland consist of

A

4 small lobes known as the parathyroid gland

55
Q

2 lateral lobes connected by an isthmus; located inferior to the larynx
extremely vascular and metabolically active

A

thyroid gland

56
Q

made up of T3 and T4, response increases metabolism and is essential for normal growth

A

thyroid hormone (TH)

57
Q

which part of the anterior thyroid gland secretes TH

A

follicles

58
Q

which part of the anterior thyroid gland secretes calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells

59
Q

what is the target of TH

A

most cells in the body

60
Q

what is the structure of TH

A

amino acid

61
Q

clinical implications of TH

A

hypothyroidism can cause myxedema or cretinism
hyperthyroidism can lead to a condition known as Grave’s disease

62
Q

triiodothyronine is known as

A

T3

63
Q

thyroxine is known as

A

T4

64
Q

response decreases osteoclast activity and therefore lowers the amount of calcium in the blood
boosts osteoblast activity

A

calcitonin

65
Q

what is the structure of calcitonin

A

polypeptide

66
Q

what is the target of calcitonin

A

bone

67
Q

filled with colloid that produce and hold TH, look like rings of cuboidal cells

A

follicles of thyroid gland

68
Q

between the follicles and secrete calcitonin

A

parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland

69
Q

4-6 small glands embedded in the posterior of the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

70
Q

response raises levels of blood calcium by breaking down bone, causes reaborption of calcium by kidney, and causes intestines to absorb more calcium and vitamin D

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

71
Q

clinical implications of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

the parathyroid hormone can sometimes be removed when the thyroid is taken out

72
Q

what is the structure of PTH

A

protein

73
Q

what is the target of PTH

A

bones, kidneys, small intestine

74
Q

sit on top of the kidneys
composed of an epithelial cortex layer and a neuronal medulla

A

adrenal glands

75
Q

what is the adrenal cortex made up of

A

epithelial cells (primarily cuboidal)

76
Q

what is the adrenal medulla made up of

A

neuronal cells

77
Q

layers of adrenal cortex

A

zona glomerulosa
zona fasciculata
zona reticularis

78
Q

secretes mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)

A

zona glomerulosa

79
Q

secretes glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A

zona fasiculata

80
Q

secretes sex hormones (androgens)

A

zona reticularis

81
Q

response is to increase fat and protein breakdown to free up energy for metabolism and to inhibit the inflammatory response; also known as the stress hormone

A

cortisol

82
Q

what is the target of cortisol

A

most tissues in the body

83
Q

what is the structure of cortisol

A

steroid

84
Q

controls nephron tubule permeability, and reabsorbs salts based on need, thus water will follow the salt back in by osmosis

response: sodium ion reabsorption

A

aldosterone

85
Q

what is the target of aldosterone

A

nephrons of the kidney

86
Q

what is the structure of aldosterone

A

steroid

87
Q

responsible for some secondary sex characteristics in females

A

androgens

88
Q

what is the target of androgens

A

many tissues

89
Q

what is the structure of androgens

A

steroid

90
Q

medullary hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrone

91
Q

what is the ratio of release of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

80-20

92
Q

responsible for “fight or flight” response

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

93
Q

what is the target of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

heart, blood vessels, liver, and fat cells

94
Q

what is the structure of epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

amino acid

95
Q

the adrenal medulla is directly connected to what

A

the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system

96
Q

every time you activate the sympathetic branch of the ANS, what happens

A

the medulla dumps epinephrine and norepinephrine directly in the blood

97
Q

lies posterior to stomach and small intestine in retroperitoneal space
secretes digestive enzymes (acinar cells) and hormones (islets)

A

pancreas

98
Q

what type of pancreatic cells secrete insulin

A

beta cells

99
Q

what type of pancreatic cells secrete glucagon

A

alpha cells

100
Q

response increases intake of glucose by cells; usually part of the parasympathetic response after a meal when a lot of glucose is present in the blood

A

insulin

101
Q

what is the target of insulin

A

liver, skeletal muscle, fat tissue

102
Q

what is the structure of insulin

A

protein

103
Q

what are adrenal cortical hormones

A

glucocorticoids (cortisol)
mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
sex hormones (androgens)

104
Q

response is associated with sympathetic response to low levels of glucose in the blood; stimulates breakdown of glycogen stores into usable glucose

A

glucagon

105
Q

what is the target of glucagon

A

liver

106
Q

what is the structure of glucagon

A

protein

107
Q

endocrine cells that secrete insulin and glucagon; very distinct from the rest of pancreatic cells

A

pancreatic islets

108
Q

surround the islets and secrete enzymes for digestion into the intestines

A

acinar cells

109
Q

where are ovaries located

A

in the abdominopelvic region of the female body

110
Q

where are the testes located

A

outside the abdomen in the scrotum

111
Q

what are the female sex hormones

A

estrogen and progesterone

112
Q

what are the male sex hormones

A

testosterone

113
Q

responsible for secondary sex characteristics, menstural cycles

A

estrogen and progesterone

114
Q

what is the structure of estrogen and progesterone

A

steroid

115
Q

what is the target of estrogen and progesterone

A

most body tissues

116
Q

responsible for secondary sex characteristics, libido, and sperm production

A

testosterone

117
Q

what is the structure of testosterone

A

steroid

118
Q

what is the target of testosterone

A

most body tissue

119
Q

true or false: gonads only have endocrine functions

A

false; they have both endocrine and exocrine functions

120
Q

what is the endocrine function of the testes

A

lutenizing hormone from the pituitary gland causes Leydig cells to secrete testosterone

121
Q

what is the exocrine function of the testes

A

follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland causes sperm cells to be created in seminiferous tubules

122
Q

what is the endocrine function of the ovaries

A

follicle cells respond to follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland and produces estrogen and progesterone during the uterine cycle

123
Q

what is the exocrine function of the ovaries

A

lutenizing hormone from the pituitary gland causes the follicle to rupture and release the egg into the uterine tubes

124
Q

which thyroid hormone is more metabolically active at target tissues

A

T3

125
Q

which thyroid hormone is converted by enzymes at the target tissue

A

T4

126
Q

how is thyroid hormone transported throughout the body

A

by thyroixine binding globulin

127
Q

a protein that stabilizes the TH hormones while they are being shuttled to their targets

A

globulin

A+P 2 (21 decks)

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