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BZ 214: Vertebrates > Lab Quiz: Avians & Mammals > Flashcards

Lab Quiz: Avians & Mammals Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

Describe crocodilian taxonomy

A

Class: Reptilia
Order: Crocodilia
- Family Alligatoridae (alligators and caimens)
- Family Crocodylidae (“true” crocodiles)
- Family Gavialidae (gharials & tomistoma)

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2
Q

How can you distinguish between Alligatoridae, Crocodylidae, & Gavialidae?

A

Alligatoridae: dark, U-shaped snout, 4th tooth hidden, freshwater

Crocodylidae: green/brown, V-shaped snout, 4th tooth visible, Africa, Aus, America

Gavialidae: dark, long & thin snout, only in Asia

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3
Q

Describe Avian Taxonomy

A

Class: Aves
Subclass: Palaeognathae
Subclass: Neognathae
- Infraclass Galloanserae
- Infraclass Neoaves

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4
Q

Extant bird characteristics

A
  1. Toothless beak
  2. Furcula (fused clavicle/wishbone)
  3. Bipedal
  4. Some have flight
  5. Internal fertilization, lays eggs
  6. Feathers (modified scales for flight, signaling, and insulation)
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5
Q

Contour feathers

A

Outermost feathers on wings and tail.
Large and stiff.
Classic “feather” look.

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6
Q

Semiplume feathers

A

Intermediate structure between contour and down. Fluffy ferns.

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7
Q

(Powdered) down feathers

A

Entirely plumaceous.
For insulation.
Soft coral fuzz.

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8
Q

Filoplume feathers

A

Hairlike with bards at tip.
Sensory.
Broomstick.

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9
Q

Bristle feathers

A

Around eyes and nose.
Specialized to screen particles, can be sensory.
Tiny sword.

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10
Q

Subclass Palaeognathae

A

RATITES

7 large, around 50 small extant species.
All flightless (except tinamous)
Lack a keeled sternum (except tinamous)
No uropygial gland seen in adults (except tinamous)

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11
Q

Infraclass Galloanserae

A

FOWLS (Game, land, water)

Feet used for scratching/digging OR webbed for swimming.
Many walk/run as well as fly.
Keeled sternum present.

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12
Q

Infraclass Neoaves

A

MOST EXTANT BIRDS.

Many orders.
Very diverse geographical range, coloraiton, flight mechanics, locomotion patterns, etc.

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13
Q

Sclerotic Ring

A

Circle of bones protecting the eyeball

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14
Q

Hyoid Appartatus

A

Y-shaped structure that supports the tongue

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15
Q

Skeletal anatomy of a pigeon

A

Post cranial skeleton
Wing skeletal structure
Pelvis fused to synsacrum

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16
Q

Types of contour feathers.

A

Remiges: Attached to end of wing (carpometacarpus and phalanges)

Rectrices: on tail

Covert feathers: cover pectoralis muscles

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17
Q

Uropygium

A

Skin that covers the uropygial gland

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18
Q

Uropygial gland

A

Produces secretions responsible for preening and weather-proofing feathers

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19
Q

Pectoralis m.

A

Adduction of wings during flight.

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20
Q

Supracoracoideus m.

A

Primary abductor muscle of wing.

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21
Q

Deltoideus pars propatagialis muscles

A

Alter wing curvature, significant for flight aerodynamics

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22
Q

Latissiumus dorsi

A

Involved in stabilization of the shoulder

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23
Q

What type of lungs do birds have?

A

Faveolar

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24
Q

What do the air sacs appear like in birds?

A

Look like mesentery. Easily collapsible.

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25
Does the avian respiratory system help with temperature regulation?
Yes, it helps with cooling.
26
Does the faveolar lung change volume across the respiratory surfaces? What are they supported by?
No. Air sacs.
27
Describe airflow across the faveolar lung.
Unidirectional, continuous airflow.
28
Does "new" and "old" air mix in the faveolar lung?
No
29
Describe the movement of air in one breath cycle of bird respiration.
Inhale (bring air into air sac), exhale (push air across parabronchi), inhale (bring air into "top" sac), exhale (move air out of lungs).
30
Describe the avian heart. What does the circulatory system help to regulate?
4 chambered heart. Complete separation of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood. ((R)Deoxy comes from tissues, enters heart then resp surface, oxy blood leaves resp, enters heart, and goes to system (L)) Body temperature.
31
Is the left or right ventricle stronger? Why?
Left. Has to push blood to entire system. Right pushes blood less distance to delicate respiratory surfaces.
32
Crop
Sac-like specialization of the esophagus. Used to store food.
33
Proventriculus
Secretes strong hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes to begin chemical digestion.
34
Gizzard
Highly muscular. Performs most mechanical breakdown of food.
35
Duodenum/small intestine
Remainder of digestion occurs in the duodenum. Released nutrients are absorbed in the lower small intestine.
36
Ceca
Pouches where the small and large intestines join. Used for water and remaining digested material absorption.
37
Large intestine
Last water reabsorption
38
Cloaca
Uric acid secretion
39
Describe bird mating.
Very complex. Lekking, auditory calling, courtship dance, display --> cloacal kiss
40
Describe synapsid origins.
Synapsids and Sauropsids diverged from the Amniotic ancestor during the late Paleozoic
41
When did mammalian diversification peak?
After the Cretaceous-Paleogene Extinction Event (65.5 MYA).
42
Mammalia extant characteristics
1. Nourish offspring with milk 2. Hair 3. Alveolar lungs (tree-like branching, cup-like chambers) 4. Endothermic 5. Kidney contains Loop of Henle (concentrates urine to reduce water loss)
43
Describe the structure of mammalian hair
1. Medulla: shrunken cells and air pockets (most internal) 2. Cortex: bulk of hair 3. Cuticle: scales, lacks pigment (most external)
44
What is the purpose of undercoat?
Thermoregulation
45
What is the purpose of guard hairs?
Guard against environment. Also for markings and pelage color variation.
46
What are vibrissae?
Sensory/tactile hairs (whickers)
47
Skeletal mammalian characteristics
1. Secondary palate 2. Ventilation changes (loss of lumbar ribs, use diaphragm and costal ventilation) 3. Heterodont dentition 4. Jaw structure changes
48
What were the changes in jaw structures that occurred in mammals?
Migration of the reptilian jaw bones to the inner ear. Quadrate --> Incus Articular --> Malleus Single jaw bine: dentary ANGULAR/ARTICULAR-QUADRATE JAW TO MAMMALIAN DENTARY-SQUAMOSAL JAW JOINT.
49
Describe typical mammalian teeth.
Heterodont: shape varies based on placement. Thecodont: Teeth rooted in sockets Diphyodont: 2 sets of teeth over lifespan (not all)
50
Dental formulas
Count number of each tooth on one side. To get total number, double final value.
51
What are the five sections of vertebrae?
1. Cervical: 7 (except in sloths and manatees) 2. Thoracic: 12-15, articulate with ribs 3. Lumbar: 4-7 4. Sacral: fused to form Os-Sacrum 5. Caudal: make up the tail
52
Where does the skull articulate with the vertebrae?
Atlas and axis
53
Describe order Monotremata
Duck-billed platypus and 4 species of echidna. Primitive characteristics: - oviparous - cloaca - reptilian gait (front limbs) Edentate: lack teeth (flat keratin plates in platy) Milk pad rather than teats
54
Describe clade Metatheria
6 orders (Americas and Aus) Angular process of lower jaw Small braincase Short gestation, continue development in marsupium (all short, not all have mars., extended lactation, placentae present) Epipubic bones present.
55
Describe clade Eutheria
Placental mammals. Can see evolutionary convergence between these and marsupials.
56
Describe order Chiroptera
Only volant mammals. Suborder Yangochiroptera - "microbats" - large ears, small eyes - separated incisors - echolocation in most - claw only on first digit Suborder Yinpterochiroptera - "mega bats" - small ears, large eyes - Typically no echolocation - Claws on first and second digits
57
Describe Order Carnivora
Includes carnivores, herbivores, and omnivores. Carnassial pair (shearing) in most. Well-developed canines. Simple GI tract in most. Suborder Caniformia - "dog shaped" - Includes canids, bears, pinnipeds, skunks, raccoons, weasels, etc. Suborder Feliformia - "cat-shaped" - Includes felids, hyenas, mongooses, civets, etc.
58
Order Perissodactyla
Odd-toes ungulates Ex. rhinos, horses, tapirs
59
Superorder Cetartiodactyla
Order Artiodactlya - even-toed ungulates - Ex. ruminants, camels/llamas, pigs Clade Cetacea - Large, fusiform bodies - Mostly hairless, have blubber - Forelimbs modified into flippers - Telescoping of skull/rostrum (blow hole)
60
Order Primates characteristics
Increased relative and absolute brain size. Forward facing eyes. Divergent Hallux (except humans) Increased mobility/dexterity of hands.
61
Order Rodentia
Most species of extant mammals. Worldwide distribution. Lack canines. Open-rooted (ever growing) incisors. - hard enamel on anterior surface - softer dentine on posterior surface ("self sharpening")

BZ 214: Vertebrates (28 decks)

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