lab seven

Question 1

what is biotechnology

Answer 1

use of organisms or their components to make or modify products useful to humans

Question 2

how long has traditional biotechnology been used

Answer 2

for centuries

Question 3

examples of traditional biotechnology

Answer 3

animal breeding, selective plant, and fermintation

Question 4

what is modern biotechnology

Answer 4

manipulation of DNA in vitro

Question 5

what does modern biotechnology do

Answer 5

permit alternation of specific DNA sequences and transfer of genes between organisms

Question 6

what is the structure of DNA

Answer 6

large double stranded molecule

Question 7

what is each stand of DNA composed of

Answer 7

nucleotides

Question 8

what are the three parts of each nucleotide composed of

Answer 8

nitrogen base, sugar, and phosphate group with negative charge

Question 9

how are nucleotides joined in two strands of DNA

Answer 9

phosphodiester bonds

Question 10

between two stands of DNA _______ ______ are formed between __________ -_________ _______

Answer 10

hydrogen bonds, complimentary niitrogen bases

Question 11

information that is encoded in _____ is ______ into complementary ________ copy

Answer 11

DNA, transcribed, RNA

Question 12

what is the RNA copy translated into

Answer 12

amino acid= building blocks of proteins

Question 13

what is the flow of information from DNA -RNA- protein called

Answer 13

central dogma

Question 14

what must biological samples collected from DNA contain

Answer 14

nucleated

Question 15

what is the steps involved in processing crime sense DNA

Answer 15

1. DNA extraction
2. polymerase chain reaction
3. restriction fragment analysis
4. interpreting results

Question 16

where is DNA extracted from

Answer 16

nuclei of the cell

Question 17

how is extraction accomplished

Answer 17

chemically lysing the cell and nuclei to liberate DNA

Question 18

what are the numerous copies of specific DNA used for

Answer 18

subsequent analysis

Question 19

what is the polymerase chain reaction

Answer 19

process that makes rapid identical copies of DNA sequences

Question 20

what are the four ingredients required for polymerase chain rection

Answer 20

1. DNA extract
2. each of 4 deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates
3. primers
4. DNA polymerase

Question 21

what are primers

Answer 21

short segments of synthetic DNA necessary for initiation of DNA replication

Question 22

what is thermal cycler

Answer 22

an automated system that maintains a series of temp. for specific time period

Question 23

what are the three steps in each PCR cycle

Answer 23

1. denaturation of DNA
2. annealing of primers
3. extension of primers

Question 24

what happens during denaturation of DNA

Answer 24

heat to separate two strands of DNA double helix

Question 25

what happens during annealing of primers

Answer 25

cool so primers can bond to dingle strand of DNA

Question 26

what happens during extension of primers

Answer 26

heat to allow DNA polymerase to add dNTP to end of primer

Question 27

what happens to DNA at the end of each PCR cycle

Answer 27

DNA sequence is doubled in quantity

Question 28

what are restriction fragment analyisis

Answer 28

enables an indirect comparison of nucleotide sequences in different DNA samples

Question 29

what do restriction enzymes do

Answer 29

cut DNA

Question 30

what is restriction fragment

Answer 30

resulting length of DNA

Question 31

what are the steps of restriction fragment analysis

Answer 31

1. restriction digest 2. gel electrophoresis

Question 32

what happens during restriction digest

Answer 32

enzyme is added to PCR product and solution is placed in incubator

Question 33

what does the enzyme so during restriction digest

Answer 33

enzyme cuts DNA in PCR products into specific fragment sizes and #

Question 34

what is gel electrophoresis

Answer 34

allows us to separate the restriction fragment based upon molecular size difference

Question 35

what is used to load the samples

Answer 35

pipette

Question 36

what is at the end of the gel

Answer 36

wells

Question 37

what charge is DNA

Answer 37

negatively charged

Question 38

what is the procedure for loading a gel

Answer 38

1.working in groups 2. assigned one dye sample 3.use a new tip for your sample 4. load 10 ml of dye into assigned well

Question 39

what is the use of the loader

Answer 39

a reference to estimate the size of unknown DNA present in sample

Question 40

what are some bands more darker

Answer 40

because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder

Question 40

what are some bands more darker

Answer 40

because more fragments of these sizes were added to the ladder

Question 41

what are the basic principles of gel display

Answer 41

1. biological sample are collected 2. DNA extracted 3. differences in nucleotide sequences between samples is determined

Question 42

what happens to DNA from a child

Answer 42

it is cut in half by restriction enzyme= either same as mom or dad

Question 43

what is recombinants of DNA

Answer 43

DNA from 2 different sources are combined into 1 molecule

Question 44

what are genetically modified organisms

Answer 44

organisms that acquired genes through an artificial process

Question 45

what are restriction enzymes

Answer 45

techniques used in recombinant DNA technology