Lab Test 2 Flashcards
1
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Renal Vein
B.Inferior Vena Cava
C.Urtethre
D.Renal Artery
E.Left Kidney
F.Abdomial Aoarta
G.Ureter
H.Urinary Bladder
2
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Bowman’s Capsule
B.Efferent Arteriole
C.Glomerelus
D.Afferent Arteriole
E.Interlobar Artery
F.Loop of Henle
G.Proximal Convulated Tubule
H. Pertibular Capillaries
I.Distal Convulated Tubule
J.Collecting Duct
K.Interlobular Vein
3
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Abdominal Aorta
B.Renal Vein
C.Ureter
D.Urinary Bladder
E.Inferior Vena Cava
F.Left Kidney
G.Renal Artery
4
Q
Name these parts
A
A. Efferent Arteriole
B.Afferent Arteriole
C.Podocytes
D.Bowman’s Capsule
E.Renal Corpsucle
F.Glomeruls
5
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Renal Column
B.Minor Calyx
C.Major Calyx
D.Cortex
E.Renal Papilla
F.Renal Corpsucle
G.Renal Pyramid
H.Renal Artery
I.Renal Vein
J.Renal Pelvis
K.Renal Sinus
L.Medulla
M.Ureter
6
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Renal Artery
B.Renal Vein
C.Renal elvis
D.Renal Papilla
E.Ureter
F.Minor Calyx
G.Cortex
H.Major Calyx
I.Rneal Pyramid
J.Renal Column
7
Q
Name these parts
A
A.Arculate Artery
B.Arcuate Vein
C.Renal Column
D.Cortex
E.Interlobular Artery
F.Interlobular Vein
G.Interlobar Vein
H.Interlobar Artery
I.Segmental Artery
J.Renal Artery
K.Renal Vein
L.Ureter
8
Q
Renal Capsule: Function
A
A connective tissue layer directly superficial to the kidney
9
Q
Nephrons
A
Microscopic Urine-Forming Structures
10
Q
Do veins join to form segmental veins in the kidney?
A
No, the join to form the renal vein directly
11
Q
Renal Corpsucle Consists of…
A
Glomerulus + Boman’s Capsule
12
Q
Boman’s Capsule layers
A
Outer: Epithelial cells
Inner: Podocytes
13
Q
Renal Fascia
A
Immediately deep to the parietal peritonium (binds it to the abdominal wall)
14
Q
Perineral Fat Capsule
A
Cushions kidney and holds it in place
15
Q
Fibrous Capsule
A
Encloses kidney protecting it from trauma and infection
16
Q
Collagen Fibers
A
extend from fibrous capsule to renal fascia:
17
Q
Renal Parenchyma & Zones
A
Glandular Tissue that forms uring
Two Zones:
1.Outer Renal Cotex
2.Inner Renal Medulla
18
Q
Renal Columns
A
Extensions of the cortex that project inward toward sinus
19
Q
Renal Pyramids
A
6-10 with broad base facing cortex and renal papilla facing sinus
20
Q
Lobe of Kidney
A
One pyramid and its overlying cortex
21
Q
Minor Calyx
A
Cup that nestles the pailla of each pyramid, collects its urine
22
Q
Major Calyx
A
Formed by the convergence of 2 or 3 minor calyces
23
Q
Renal Pelvis
A
Formed by the convergence of 2 or 3 major calyces
24
Q
Ureter
A
A tubular continuation of the pelvis that drains urine down to the urinary bladder
25
Name these parts
A.Carotid Artery
B.Tyroid
C.Liver
D.Gallbladder
E.Small Intestine
F.Thyroid Cartliage
G.Jugular Vein
H.Left Primary Bronchi
I.Esophogus
J.Stomach
K. Large Intestine
26
Name these parts
A. Esophogeal Spinchter
B.Cardia
C.Lesser Curvature
D.Pyloric Spinchter
E.Pyloric Region
F.Fundus
G.Body
H. Lesser Curvature
27
Name these parts
A.Mucosa
B.Muscularis Mucosa
C.Muscularis Externa
D.Serosa
28
Name these parts
A. Oral Cavity/ Mouth
B.TOngue
C.Larynx
D.Liver
E.Gallbladder
F.Ascending INtestine
G.Pharynx
H.Esophogus
I.Stomach
J.Pancreas
K.Transverse Colon
L.Descending Colon
M.Small Intestine
N.SIgnoid Colon
O.Rectum
P.Anus
29
Name these parts
A.Cystic Duct
B.Gallbladder
C.Common Hepatic Duct
D.Hepatic Portal Vein
E.Quadrate Lobe
F.Falciform Ligament
G.Hepatic Artery
H.Caudate Lobe
I.Porta Hepatis
30
Name these parts
A. Muscle Layers
B.Lumen
C.Plicae Circularis (Circular Folds\_
D.Villi
E. Vlilli
F.Intestinal Crypt
G.Brush Border
H.Submucosa
I.Brush Border
J.Microvilli
31
Name these parts
A.DIaphram
B.RIght Lobe
C.Cystic Duct
D.Gallbladder
E.Duodenum
F.Bile Duct
G.Accessory Pancreatic Duct
H.Pancreatic Duct
I.Hepatic Pancreatic Ampula
J.Falciform Ligament
K.Left Lobe
L.Common Hepatic Duct
M.Pancreatic Duct
N.Pancreas
O.Common Hepatic Duct
P.Hepatopancreatic Sphincter
Text: Right Hepatic Duct
Text: Left Hepatic Duct
32
Name these parts
A.Lumen
B.Mucosa
C.Submucosa
D.Nerve
E.Vein
F.Artery
G.Outer Longitudinal Vein
H.Inner Circular Vein
I.Serosa
J.Muscularis Externa
33
Name these parts
A.Bile Canaliculi
B.Hepatic Arteriole
C.Venu.e of hepatic portal vein
D.Bile Ductle
E.Central Veins
F.Hepatic Triad
G.Hepatic Lobules
H.Hepatocyte
34
Teeth
- Accessory Organ
- Help mechanically digest food to break it down into small particles and expose its internal structure
35
Salivary Glands
-Accesory Organ
Aids in chemical digestion- Produce saliva to moisten food so it can be swallowed more easily
-produces salivary amylase (an enzyme that assists in the breakdown of starch)
36
Pharynx
A passageway from the mouth to the esophogus
37
Esophogus
Long muscular tube that extends to the stomach.
- The inner lining of the esophogus is composed of:
- stratified sqamous epitehlial tissue bc food that is ingested can cause abraisian
- Submuscoa Layer- secretes mucus
- 1/3 part: skeltal
- 2/3: skeeltal & smooth
3/3: smooth muscle
38
GI Tract
Stomach, Large Intestine, Small Intestine
39
Stomach
Food stoage oragan where mechanical and chemical breakdown occurs. Bolus of food passing through esophogus enters into the stomach where it breaks down into chyme- a soup mixture of semi digested food.
40
Chyme
A soupy/pasty mixture of semi-digested food
41
Lesser Omentum
A ventral messentery that extends from the lesser curvatrue of the stomach to the liver
42
Greater Omentum
Hangs from the greater curvature of the stomach (its left inferior margin)
43
Small Intestine
Food digestion completes here and starts to get absorbed in the latter parts of the small intestine (Juodendum and ilium)
Small intestine absorbtion sites are layered with small & large intestine
44
Large Intestine
Absorbtion, Water Balance, etc.
45
Intraparitoneal
When an organ is encolsed by mesentery on both sides
- considered within the periotenal cavity
- Examples: Stomach, liver, and parts of the small & large intestine
46
Retroperitineal
When an organ lies against the posterior body wall and is covered by peritoneium on its anterior side only
- Considered outside the peritoneum cavity
- Examples: Duodendum, Pancreas, and parts of the large intestine
47
48
Liver
- Accessory Organ
- Secretes bile which helps with digestion
-
49
Pancreas
- Accessory Organ
- Has exocrine and endocrine properties
Exocrine: releases of pancreatic juices to nearby organ
o Assists in chemical digestion within the small intestine:
Amylase - breaks down carbohydrates
Lipase - breaks down fats
Ribonuclease/ Deoxyribonuclease - break down RNA and
DNA
Proteases - break down protein.
o These enzymes are stimulated by CCK in the small intestine which is
triggered as food passes through the small intestine.
• Endocrine: Release of hormones into the bloodstream (insulin & glucagon
are important for glucose metabolism)
50
Gallbladder
-Accessory Organ
## Footnote
Store and concentrates bile by absorbing water and electrolytes
51
52
Stomach Anatomy & Parts
Stomach—J-shaped; relatively
vertical in tall people, horizontal in
short people. Stomach has a
simple columnar epithelium
covered by mucous.
-Divided into
four regions:
1.Cardial part (cardia)—small
area within about 3 cm of the
cardial orifice
2.Fundus—dome-shaped
portion superior to
esophageal attachment
3.Body—makes up the
greatest part of stomach
4.Pyloric part—narrower
pouch at the inferior end
o Subdivided into the
funnel-like antrum
o Narrower pyloric canal
that terminates at
pylorus
53
Pylorus
Narrow passage to the duodendum
54
Pyloric Spinchter
Regulates the passage of chyme into the duodendum
55
Gastric Pits
pits—depressions in gastric mucosa
o Lined with simple columnar epithelium
o Two or three tubular glands open into the bottom of
each gastric pit
56
Cardiac Glands
in the cardiac part
57
Pyloric Glands
in the pyloric parts
58
Gastric Glands
In the rest of the stomach
59
60
Name these parts
A.Nasopharynx
B.Esophogus
C.Glottis
D.Epiglottis
E.Teeth
F.Hard Palate
G.Soft Palate
H.Mandible
I.Papillae (root)
J. Tongue
K.Papillae (fungiform)
61
Name these parts
A.Tail
B.Trunk
C.Head
D.Anus
E.Genital Papillae
F.Ankle
G.Umbilical Cord
H.External Nares
I.Tongue
62
Name gender and these parts
**Female**
A. Caudal Vena Cava
B.Oviduct
C.Ovary
D.Umbilical Artery
E.Urinary Bladder
F.Aorta
G.Ureter
H.Ovarian Artery
I.Colon
J.Right & Left Horns of the uterus
63
Name the gender and these parts
**Male**
A.Testis
B.Scrotum
C.Spermatic Cord
D.Penis
64
Name these parts
A.External Jugular vein
B.Right Braciocephalic Vein
C.Right Subclalvian Vein
D.Cranial Vena Cava
E.Caudal Vena Cava
F.Internal Jugular Vein
G.Cepahlic Vein
H.Diaphragm
65
Name these parts
A.Thryoid Gland
B.Right Common Carotid atery
C.Right phrenic nerve
D.Right Subclavian Artery
E.Brachiocephalic Trunk
F.Right Auricle
G.Left Common Carotid Artery
H.Esophogus
I.Carotid Trunk
J.Trachea
K.Left Subclavian Artery
L.Aaortic Arch
M.Pulmonary Artery
N.Left Auricle
66
Name these parts
A. caudal vena cava
B.Liver
C.Umbilical Vein
D.Branches of the mesentric artery
E.Small Intestine
F.Mesentary
G.spleen
H.Stomach
I.Pancreas
J.Spiral Colon
K.Small Intestine
67
Name these parts
A.Aaorta
B.Adrenal Gland
C.Kidney
D.Caudal Vena Cava
E.Ureter
F.Umbilical atery
G.Adrenal Gland
H.Renal Vein
I.Ureter
J.Testicular Artery
K.Vas Deferens
L.Urinary Bladder
68
Name these parts
A.Carotid Artery
B.Internal Jugular Vein
C.External Jugular Vein
D.Subclavian Artery
E.Right Lung
F.Larynx
G & I.Thymus
H.Trachea
J.Thyroid Gland
K.Anterior Vena Cava
L.Thymus
M.Pericardial Sac
N.Left Lung
O.Ribs
69
The appendix in the pig is called the
cecum
70
How can you tell its a female vs male fetal pig?
Determine the sex of your pig by looking for the urogenital opening. On females, this opening is located near the anus. On males, the opening is located near the umbilical cord. Likewise, you might be able to see the scrotum which will indidicate male.
If your pig is female, you should also note that urogenital papilla is present near the genital opening
71
What is the epiglottis protecting?
Trachea
72
If water entered the pig's nares, which opening in the oral cavity would it exit through?
Nasopharynx
73
External Nares are..
Nostrils
74
Mesentry Functions
1. Helps Storing Fat
2. Allows blood & lymph vessels as well as nerves to supply the intestine
75
Why is the gallbladder in the fetal pig green?
Billirubin gives bile in the gallbladder a yellowish-green color
76
Name these parts
A.Renal Papilla
B.Minor Calyx
C.Renal Pyramid
D.Renal Column
E.Renal Capsule
F.Renal Cortex
G.Adipose in renal sinus
H.Renal Pelvis
I.Major Calyx
J.Renal Medulla
77
Name these parts
A.Kidney
B.Ureter
C.Prostate Lobes
D.Head of epidydimis
E.Testis
F.Tail of epidydimis
G.Urethrea
H.enis
I.Adrenal Gland
J.Seminal Vesicles
K.Prostate Gland
L.Vas Deferens
M.Bulbourethal Gland
N.Urogenital Orifiee
78
Name these parts
A.Vagina
B.Birth Canal
C.Fallopian Tube
D.Ovaries
79
Name these parts
A.Labia Minora
B.Labia Majora
C.Mons Pubis
D.Prepuce
E.Clitoris
F.Urethral Orifice
G.Vaginal Orifice
H.Anus
80
Name these parts
A.Ovarian Ligament
B.Ovary
C.Broad Ligament
D.Body of urterus
E.Cervix
F.Fundus
G.Ampula
H.Fallopian Tube
I.Ishmus
J.Infundibuulm
K.Fimbrae
L.Round Ligament
M.Enometrium
N.Myometrium
O.Perimetrium
P.Cervical Canal
Q.Vagina
R.Uterine Wall
81
Name these parts
A.Infundibulum
B.Ampulla
C.Isthmus
D.Bladder
E.Urethra
F.Fimbriae
G.Ovary
H.Uterus
I.Cervical Canal
J.Vagina
82
Name these parts
A.Ovum
B.Outer Corte
C.Tunica Abunginue
D.Inner Medulla
E.Suspensory LIgament
F.Ovarian Ligament
G.Ovarian Vein
83
Name these parts
A.Mature Follicle
B.Atrum
C.Granulosa Cells
D.Corpus Lutum
E.Corpus Albicans
F.Primordial Follicle
G.Primary Follicle
H.Srcondary Follicle
84
Name these parts
A.Urterus
B.Cervix
C.Rectum
D.Anus
E.Vestibule
F.Labia Majora
G.Fimbriae
H.Ovary
I.Fallopian Tube
J.Bladder
K.Urethrea
L.External Urethral Orifice
M.Clitoris
85
Name these parts
A.Vas Deferems
B.Urethrea
C.Testes
D.Scrotum
E.Penis
86
Name these parts
A.Urinary Bladder
B.Seminal Vesicle
C.Prostate Gland
D.Bulborethral Gland
E.Vas Deferens
F.Epidydimis
G.Testis
H.Scrotum
I.Ejaculatory Duct
J.Prostatic Urethra
K.Membranous Urethra
L.Spongy Urethra
M.Corpora Cavernosa
N.Corpus Spongiosum
O.Glans
P.Prepuce
Q.External urethral orifice
87
Name these parts
A.Prostate
B.Prostatic Urethra
C.Corpora Caverna
D.Penis
E.Spongy Urethra
F.Prepuce
G.External Urethral Orifice/ Bladder
H.Rectum
I.Membranos Urethra
J.Anus
K.Corpus Spongiosum
L.Scrotum
M.Testis
88
Name these parts
A.Vas Deferems
B.Head of epidydimis
C.Body of epidydimis
D.Spermatic Cord
E.Pampiniform Plexus
F.Testicular Artery
G.Tunica Albuniea
H.Seminifrous Tubules
I.Rete Testes
J.Tail of epidydimis
89
Ovaries Function
Produce Egg
90
Uterus Function
Area where the fetus grows & develops
91
Vagina Function
-Also known as the birth canal
Tube through which the baby leaves the mother when being born. It is also the area where sperm is deposited
92
93
Fallopian Tubes Function
Connect the ovaries and the uterus and provide passage for the fertilized egg
94
Mons Pubis
Area of adipose tissue covered by pubic hair
95
Clitoris Function
Sensory Structure analagous to the penis
96
Bartholian Gland Function
Secrete lubricating fluid to keep the vulva lubricated during sex
97
Broad Ligament Function
Keeps the body of the uterus held in place
98
Ovarian Ligament
Holds each ovary to the utereus
99
Uterine Wall Layers
1. Endometrium = inner wall - recieves the fertilized egg and forms the placenta
2. Myometrium- middle layer - muscular that helps with contractions during pregnancy
3. Perimetrium - outer layer
100
Folliculogenesis
1. Primordial Follicle devleops into primary follicles through stimulation of FSH
2. Primary Follicles form layered tissue caled stratum granulosum around the ovum and becomes a Secondary Follicle
3. Forms into a tertiary follicle
4. One teritiary follicle matures into a graafian follicle (all others begin to break down)
5. Ovulation occurs and the mature oocyte is released from the ovary and toward the fimbriae of the fallopian tube
6. The now empty follicle collapses and franulosa cells divide to fill up the antrum- this follicle is now called a corpus luterm and will secrete hormones needed to ready the uterus for implantation fo the egg if it is fertilized (if not fertilized, the corpus luterum begins to shrink in a process called involution.
7. After a few days, the corpus luteum has become a scar on the surface of the ovary called the corpus albicans.
101
Corpus Albicans
Corpus luteum that has become a scar on the surface of a ovary
102
The Ovarian Cycle
zThe progression of the follicle from primordial follicle to corpus albicans
103
The Ovarian Cycle Phases
1. Follicular Phase
2. Ovulation
3. Luteal Phase
104
Follicular Phase
* FSH is secreted from pituitary gland
* Primordial Follicles have receptors for FSH and a number of them begin to develop in the ovary
* Some become more matture than others and FSH will cause the granulosa cells of these to secre estradiol and increase its number of FSH receptors
* Estradiol also causes the pituitary to stop releasing FSH (FSH release declines and allbut dominant follicle quit growing and eventually break down)
*
105
Ovulation
* Estradiol begins to increase and causes LH to be released
* LH causes a surge of follicular fluid in the mature follicle that leasds to ovulation
106
Luteal Phase
* Citculating LH causes the now empty follicle to become the corpus luteum
* The corpus luteum produces estradiol and progrestone (which affects the lining of the uterus)
* If no pregnancy, the corpus luteum becomes the corpus albicans- bc no estradiol is secreted from this, the pituitary is no longer inhibited--\> FSH levels begin to rise and a new follicular phase is started
107
Penis Function
* The passageway for the male reproductive cells (spermatazoa or sperm) to exit the male body
108
Testes
Produce spem
109
Vas Deferens
Provides a connection between the testes and the penis
110
Scrotum
Houses the testes
111
Three erectile tissues
2 Corpus Cavernosa
1 Corpus Spongiosum
112
Urethra Sections
Proximal to distal
1. Prostatic Urtethra
2. Membranous Urethra
3. Spongy Urethra
113
Semineferous Tubules
Area where sperm is produced within the testes
114
Rete Testis
Channel the sperm into the epidiymis
-Some of the cells in this area contain cilia to help movve the sperm
115
Epidydimis
Mature sperm are stored here until they are ejaculated from the body
116
Leydig Cells
Produce Testoosterone
117
Testicular Artery
Supplies blood to the testes
118
Spermatic Cord
Bundles blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves
-connect testes to the abdomen
119
Spermatagenosis
* Formation of sperm
* -Works through meiosis and forms four cells that have the proper number of chromosomes for a reproductive cell
* After these cells are formed they must undergo a structureal change through the prcoess of spermiogenesis
120
Spermatogenesis Steps
1. Sperm begin as spermatogonia (spermatogonium) that lay on the basement membrane of the semineferous tubules.As sperm form they move from the basement membrane to the lumen of the tubule
2. When Testosterone levels are high, spermatogonium undergo mitosis and mature into primary spermatocytes
3. Primary spermatocytes undergo meiosis I anf form 2 secondary spermatocytes
4. Secondary Spermatocytes then mature into spermatids (these have reached the lumens)
121
Soernuigenesis & Stages
* The spermatids mature into spermatazoa through 4 states
1. Golgi Stage: the spermatids change shape from being round to having polarity- at one end they start to develop a tail and the other end a head (in between there is a thicked midpiece rich in mitochondria).
2. Next the nuclues of the cell is encased in a cap formed from the golgi apparatus. The tail now elongates. The developing sperm orient themselves with their tails toward the lumen of the tubule, ready to be shed into the tesis lumen and be trasnported throgh the testis
3. During the final matruation phase, excess cytoplasm is phagocytizzed by cells called sertoli cells in the surrounding testis.
122
Female Mature Follicle is also called\_\_\_\_\_\_
Graafian Follicle
123
Spleen Function
Lymphatic Role- fights pathogens invading the body
