Lab test 2

Question 1

Steps of binary fission:

Answer 1

Chromosome replicates, cell membrane/wall grows in and pinches off

Question 2

Centromere:

Answer 2

The middle tightly bound bit

Question 3

Interphase:

Answer 3

G1, S, G2

Question 4

Prophase (mitosis):

Answer 4

Chromosomes condense, nuclear envelopes goes away, spindle microtubules begin to form

Question 5

Telophase (mitosis):

Answer 5

Chromosomes uncoil, nuclear envelope forms

Question 6

How to tell if diploid/haploid?

How to tell if duplicated/not?

Answer 6

Friend or no?

Sister chromatids or no?

Question 7

Prophase I (meiosis):

Answer 7

Bivalent form, crossing over occurs

Question 8

Spindle apparatus activity in meiosis:

Answer 8

Goes away and reforms between telophase I and prophase II

Question 9

Telophase I vs telophase II:

Answer 9

Haploid number of duplicated chromosomes
vs
Haploid number of single chromosomes

Question 10

Meiosis in plants:

Answer 10

Diploid sporocytes (cells) in sporangia (organ) form haploid spores

Question 11

Plant life cycle:

Answer 11

Haploid generation = gametophytes, produces gametes

Diploid generation = sporophyte, produces spores

Question 12

Most plants are ___-dominant:

Answer 12

Sporophyte

Question 13

During what parts of its life cycle are plants haploid?

Answer 13

From spore meiosis to fertilization/zygote formation

Question 14

Animal life cycle:

Answer 14

Only sex cells undergo meiosis

Question 15

Mitosis vs meiosis:

Answer 15

Diploid, genetically identical VS haploid, genetically different

Question 16

Principle of dominance:

Answer 16

Offspring resemble only one parent, not a blend of the two parent phenotypes

Question 17

Principle of segregation/First law:

Answer 17

Alleles of ONE gene segregate independently from one another during gamete formation

Question 18

Principle of independent assortment/Second law:

Answer 18

Alleles of DIFFERENT genes assort independently from one another during gamete formation

Question 19

Ratio that results from second law:

Answer 19

9:3:3:1

Question 20

Monohybrid vs dihybrid:

Answer 20

One characteristic vs two

Question 21

When do chiasmas form?

Answer 21

Late prophase I

Question 22

Distance’s effect on chiasmas:

Answer 22

The chance of chiasma formation between a given pair of genes depends on how far apart they are.

Question 23

How many chromosomes in a human gamete?

Answer 23

22 autosomes, 1 sex chromosome

Question 24

Disorder - only one X

Answer 24

Turner syndrome

Short stature, broad chest, webbed neck, sterility

Question 25

Disorder - 3 #21 chromosomes

Answer 25

Down syndrome/trisomy 21 | Poor muscle tone, mental developmental delay, almond-shaped eyes, protruding tongue, short limbs/neck

Question 26

Disorder - 2 Xs

Answer 26

Klinefelter syndrome/XX male syndrome | Small testes, sterility, low testosterone levels, learning disability

Question 27

Sex-linked recessive traits (examples):

Answer 27

Colourblindness, hemophilia

Question 28

Types of colourblindness

Answer 28

Protan: reduced red Deutan: reduced green (more common)

Question 29

Polygenic traits:

Answer 29

Phenotypic traits that involve contributions from multiple genes. ADDITIVE.

Question 30

Examples of polygenic traits:

Answer 30

Skin pigmentation, height, IQ, crop yield, milk production in cattle

Question 31

Study of fingerprints:

Answer 31

Dermatoglyphics

Question 32

Equation for map units:

Answer 32

of recomb/# total offspring

Question 33

Biotech:

Answer 33

The use of organisms or their components to make/modify products useful to humans

Question 34

Traditional biotech:

Answer 34

Selective breeding, yeast in fermentation

Question 35

Modern biotech:

Answer 35

in vitro manipulation

Question 36

Forensic biology:

Answer 36

Study of DNA in body tissue/fluid

Question 37

Requirement for analyzing a sample in forensics:

Answer 37

Samples for study must contain nucleated cells

Question 38

Steps of forensic analysis:

Answer 38

Extraction, PCR, restriction fragment analysis

Question 39

Extraction:

Answer 39

Chemically lysing cells to liberate DNA then precipitating it out of solution. Add cell lysis solution (detergent), add ethanol

Question 40

How does cell lysis solution work?

Answer 40

Disrupts protein-lipid bonds that compose membranes

Question 41

How does adding ethanol work?

Answer 41

DNA is soluble in water and insoluble in alcohol

Question 42

PCR:

Answer 42

Polymerase chain reaction - process that rapidly makes identical copies of any DNA

Question 43

Ingredients required for PCR:

Answer 43

DNA extract, 4 dNTPs, primers, DNA polymerase

Question 44

Steps of PCR cycle:

Answer 44

Denaturation - heating to separate strands Annealing - cool to allow primers to bond to single strands of DNA Extending - heating to allow DNA pmase to add dNTPs to ends of primers

Question 45

What's the cool thing about PCR?

Answer 45

Results in twice the starting quantity

Question 46

Restriction fragment analysis:

Answer 46

Gel electrophoresis - sequence restriction fragment

Question 47

DNA has a slightly ___ charge.

Answer 47

Negative

Question 48

Recombinant DNA:

Answer 48

GMOs (organisms that have acquired genes through artificial protests)

Question 49

Transgenic organism:

Answer 49

Has genes from another species

Question 50

Applications of recomb DNA:

Answer 50

cloning, bacteria-killing proteins in cows, disease resistant plants, oilspill-cleaning organisms