Lab Unit 04: The Back Flashcards
(60 cards)
1
Q
Latissimus Dorsi – (Moore 700)
A
• Origin (PA):
SP T7-T12
+ thoracolumbar fascia
+ iliac crest
+ inferior 4 ribs.
• Insertion (DA):
Floor of intertubercular groove of humerus.
Posterior surface of inferior angle of scapula.
• Nerve: Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8).
• Action: Extends, adducts, and internally rotates humerus.
2
Q
Multifidus
A
• Origin: Sacrum + TP C4-L5.
• Insertion: SP C, T, L vertebrae (spanning 2-4 segments).
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extension of vertebrae.
- Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation.
3
Q
Quadratus Lumborum
A
• Insertion (SA): Medial half of inferior border of 12th ribs \+ lumbar TP. • Origin (IA): Iliolumbar ligament \+ internal lip of iliac crest. • Nerve: AR T12-L4. • Action: - Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column. - Flexes 12th rib during inspiration.
4
Q
Psoas Major
A
• Origin (SA): Sides of T12-L5 and IV discs \+ TP of all lumbar vertebrae. • Insertion (IA): Lesser trochanter of femur. • Nerve: AR L1, L2, L3. • Action: Flexes hip.
5
Q
Splenius Capitis – ID & Action
A
• Origin: SP C7-T4. • Insertion: Mastoid process \+ lateral 1/3rd of superior nuchal line. • Nerve: DR. • Action: - Bilaterally: Extend head. - Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flexion + ipsilateral rotation.
6
Q
Splenius Cervicis – ID & Action
A
• Origin: SP T3-T6.
• Insertin: TP C1-C3.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extend cervical spine.
- Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flexion + ipsilateral rotation.
7
Q
Rotatores – ID & Action
A
• Origin: TP C2 to sacrum.
• Insertion: Lamina of vertebrae 1-2 segments above origin.
• Nerve: DR.
• Action:
- Bilaterally: Extension of vertebrae.
- Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation.
8
Q
Longissimus Thoracis & Cervicis – ID & Action
A
- Origin: TP of lumbar vertebrae, TP T1-5.
- Insertion: TP of all thoracic vertebrae, TP C2-6.
- Nerve: DR.
- Action: Extends thoracic & cervical spine.
9
Q
Longissimus Capitis – ID & Action
A
- Origin: TP T1-5, C4-C7.
- Insertion: Mastoid process.
- Nerve: DR.
- Action: Extend head.
10
Q
Iliocostalis Lumborum, Thoracis & Cervicis
– ID & Action
A
• Origin: Sacrum \+ iliac crest \+ lumbar SP T11/12 \+ ribs 3-12. • Insertion: Ribs, TP C4-7. • Nerve: DR. • Action: Extends lumbar, thoracic & cervical spine.
11
Q
Spinalis Thoracis, Cervicis & Capitis
– ID & Action
A
• Origin: SP of upper lumbar & lower thoracic vertebrae \+ ligamentum nuchae \+ SP C7. • Insertion: SP of upper thoracic vertebrae \+ SP of axis \+ SP of C3 & C4. • Nerve: DR. • Action: Extends thoracic & cervical spine \+ Extends the head.
(can not separate from Semispinalis Capitis)
12
Q
Semispinalis Thoracis, Cervicis – ID & Action
A
- Origin: TP T1-T12.
- Insertion: SP C2-T4.
- Nerve: DR.
- Action: Extends cervical spine.
13
Q
Semispinalis Capitis – ID & Action
A
- Origin: TP C7-T7.
- Insertion: Occipital bone.
- Nerve: DR.
- Action: Extend head.
14
Q
C1 - Atlas
A
• Anterior tubercle • Posterior tubercle • Articular facet for dens • Anterior arch • Posterior arch • Lateral mass • Superior articular facet (of lateral mass for occipital condyle) • Inferior articular facet (of lateral mass for axis) • Transverse foramen • Transverse process (TP) • Groove for vertebral artery • Vertebral foramen
15
Q
C2 - Axis
A
• Body • Dens / odontoid process • Anterior articular facet (for articulation with anterior arch of atlas) • Pedicle • Superior articular process and facet (for atlas) • Inferior articular process and facet (for C3) • Lamina • Transverse process (TP) • Transverse foramen • Spinous process (SP) • Vertebral foramen
16
Q
C3 - C7
A
- Body
- Uncinate processes
- Pedicle
- Transverse process (TP)
- Anterior tubercle of the transverse process
- Posterior tubercle of the transverse process
- Transverse foramen
- Superior articular process and facet
- Inferior articular process and facet
- Lamina
- Vertebral foramen
- Spinous process (SP)
17
Q
Thoracic Vertebra
A
- Body
- Pedicle
- Lamina
- Spinous process (SP)
- Transverse process (TP)
- Vertebral foramen
- Superior articular process and facet
- Inferior articular process and facet
- Superior costal facet
- Inferior costal facet
- Transverse costal facet
18
Q
Lumbar Vertebra
A
- Body
- Pedicle
- Lamina
- Spinous process
- Transverse process
- Vertebral foramen
- Superior articular process and facet
- Mammillary process
- Inferior articular process and facet
19
Q
Sacrum
A
- Superior articular process and facet
- Lumbosacral articular process
- Base
- Promontory
- Ala
- Median crest
- Intermediate crest
- Lateral crest
- Sacral tuberosity
- Auricular surface
- Anterior sacral foramina
- Posterior sacral foramina
- Sacral canal
- Sacral hiatus
- Apex
20
Q
Nutation – Definition
A
• = Sacral flexion
(anterior rotation of the sacrum in relation to
the ilium)
• Base of sacrum moves anteriorly + inferiorly
• Occurs WITH trunk flexion or hip extension
21
Q
Counternutation – Definition
A
• = Sacral extension
(posterior rotation of the sacrum in relation
to the ilium)
• Base of sacrum moves posteriorly + superiorly
• Occurs WITH trunk extension or hip flexion
22
Q
Coccyx
A
• Transverse process of cocyx
23
Q
Common characteristics of ALL vertebrae
A
- Spinous process (SP) (except C1)
- Superior articular facets
- Inferior articular facets
- Transverse process (TP) (2 of them)
- Pedicles (except C1)
- Lamina (except C1)
- Body (except C1)
24
Q
Unique characteristics of CERVICAL vertebrae
A
- Bifurcated SPs
* Transverse foramen
25
Unique characteristics of THORACIC vertebrae
* Costal facets on body & TPs
* Heart shaped body
* Long, downward sloping SPs
26
Unique characteristics of LUMBAR vertebrae
* Massive body
| * Blunt, horizontally projecting SPs
27
Ligaments
```
• Apical ligament
• Alar ligament
• Transverse (cruciform) ligament
• Ligamentum Nuchae (nuchal ligament)
• Supraspinous ligament
• Interspinous ligament
• Intertransverse ligament
• Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
• Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
• Ligamentum Flavum
• Sacrotuberous ligament
• Sacrospinous ligament
• Iliolumbar ligament
• Sacroiliac (SI) ligaments
- Anterior sacroiliac ligament
- Posterior sacroiliac ligament
- Interosseous sacroiliac ligament
• Sacrococcygeal ligaments
- Anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- Posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- Interosseous sacrococcygeal ligaments
```
28
Nerves
* Posterior horns (Dorsal)
* Anterior horns (Ventral)
* Posterior nerve roots and rami (Dorsal)
* Anterior nerve roots and rami (Ventral)
* Posterior Root Ganglion (Dorsal)/(DRG)
29
Posterior horns (dorsal)
•
30
Anterior (ventral)
•
31
Posterior nerve roots and rami (dorsal)
•
32
Anterior nerve roots and rami (ventral)
•
33
Posterior rot ganglion DRG (dorsal)
•
34
Cauda equina
•
35
Tracts
* Dorsal Column
* Spinothalamus
* Corticospinal
36
Dorsal Column (DC)
* receptors on cutaneous proprioception
* discriminative touch and “body awareness”.
* Cross midline at caudal medulla
37
Spinothalamus Tract (ST)
* sensory - ascending
* Pain, temperature + light touch + pressure.
* Crosses midline at segmental level.
38
Corticospinal Tract (CS)
• Descending (Motor) Pathway
– from brain to periphery
• major motor pathway for voluntary movements
(especially skilled or precise movement).
• Motor cortex-internal capsule-cerebral peduncle-deep projection fibers-pyramids.
• Crosses over at the caudal medulla
(decussation of the pyramids)-synapse w/ grey matter in ant. horn
39
Brown Sequard Syndrome -- Definition
• incomplete spinal cord lesion
• loss of sensation and motor function
(paralysis and anesthesia)
• caused by the lateral hemisection (cutting) of the
spinal cord, often in the cervical cord region
• Light touch, pain and temperature fibers are carried in the spinothalamic tract. These fibers decussate at the level of the spinal cord. Therefore, a hemi-section lesion to the spinal cord will
• loss of these modalities on the contralateral side of the lesion, while preserving them on the ipsilateral side.
• Interruption of the lateral corticospinal tracts:
--> Ipsilateral spastic paralysis below the level of
the lesion
--> Babinski sign ipsilateral to lesion
-->Abnormal reflexes and Babinski sign may not
be present in acute injury.
• Interruption of posterior white column:
-->Ipsilateral loss of tactile discrimination,
vibratory, and position sensation below the
level of the lesion
• Interruption of lateral spinothalamic tracts:
--> Contralateral loss of pain and temperature
sensation. This usually occurs 2-3 segments
below the level of the lesion.
40
Anterior Spinal Artery
•
41
Posterior Spinal Arteries
•
42
General Spine Ligaments
* Supraspinous ligament
* Interspinous ligament
* Intertransverse ligament
* Anterior longitudinal ligament (ALL)
* Posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL)
* Ligamentum Flavum
43
Suprasinous Ligament
* connects tips of SPs
| * continous superiorly as ligamentum nuchae
44
Interspinous Ligament
• connects vertebral spines
| deep to supraspinous lig
45
Intertransverse Ligament
• connects TPs
| separates anterior & posterior spinal muscles
46
Anterior Longitudinal Ligament (ALL)
* connects anterior surface of vertebral bodies
| * helps limit excessive extension b/n vertebral segments
47
Posterior Longitudinal Ligament (PLL)
* connects posterior vertebral bodies
| * resists felxion
48
Ligamentum Flavum
"yellow ligament"
• connects lamina
• limits flexion
• 80% elastin (yellow color), 20% collagen
49
Cervical Ligaments
* Alar ligament
* Cruciform ligament (Transverse & Longitudinal)
* Apical ligament
* Ligamentum nuchae
50
Alar Ligament
* Dens of C2 --> medial surface of occipital condyles
| * Limits Atlanto-Axial rotation
51
Cruciform ligament
--> composed of 2 ligs:
• Transverse ligament
- between the lateral masses of C1
- prevents anterior displacement of C1 on C2
- very strong, dens will fracture before transverse ligament tears
• Longitudinal ligament (don't need to know)
- Foramen magnum --> axis (C2)
52
Apical ligament
Dens of C --> foramen magnum
53
Ligamentum Nuchae
(nuchal ligament)
• C7 --> external occipital protuberance
• Continuation of supraspinous ligament
• Origin of upper trapezius, rhomboid minor
54
Sacroiliac (SI) Joint stability provided by
* Primary Sacroliliac ligaments
* Wedging (bony fromations)
* Articular surface irregularities
* Accessory Sacroiliac ligaments
55
Nutation
sacral promontory moves anteriorly & inferiorly
56
Ligaments preventing nutation
* Interosseous SI ligaments
* Sacrotuberous ligament
* Sacrospinous ligament
57
Counternutation
sacral promontory moves posteriorly & superiorly
58
Ligaments that prevent prevent counternutation
Posterior SI ligaments
59
Lower Lumbar & Sacrum
| Anterior view
• Iliolumbar ligament
- TP L4-5 --> iliac crest
- Insertion of quadratus lumborum
• Sacroiliac ligaments
- Anterior:
- -> Ala and pelic surface of sacrum --> auricular surface of ilium
- Posterior:
- -> Prevents counternutation
- Interosseous:
- -> Prevents nutation
60
Lower Lumbar & Sacrum
• Sacrotuberous ligament
- Sacrum, ilium, coccyx --> ischial tuberosity
- prevents nutation
- origin of gluteus maximus & assoc. w/ long head of biceps femoris
• Sacrospinous ligament
- Sacrum and coccyx --> ischial spine
- prevents nutation
- deep to sacrotuberous ligament
• Sacrococcygeal ligaments
- anterior
- posterior
- interosseous
