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Lab Values Flashcards

(90 cards)

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1
Q

Lab values can be an indicator of…

A

change in health status

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2
Q

Pharmacist’s role with lab values:

A
  • review labs for trends and abnormalities
  • suggest med adjustments
  • monitor therapy
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3
Q

What are some terms that indicate high values?

A
  • hyper

- __cytosis

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4
Q

What are some terms that indicate low values?

A
  • hypo

- ___ penia

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5
Q

What does a basic metabolic panel (BMP) measure?

A
  • electrolytes
  • acid-base balance
  • kidney function
  • blood sugar
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6
Q

What is a BMP also known as?

A

fishbone diagram

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7
Q

Normal range for Na+:

A

135-145 mEq/L

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8
Q

Normal range for K+:

A

3.5-5 mEq/L

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9
Q

Normal range for Cl-:

A

95-105 mEq/L

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10
Q

Normal range for HCO3-:

A

22-28 mEq/L

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11
Q

Normal range for BUN:

A

10-20 mg/dL

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12
Q

Normal range for sCr:

A

0.6-1.2 mg/dL

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13
Q

Normal range for glucose:

A

70-99 mg/dL

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14
Q

Normal range for Ca2+:

A

8.5-10.5 mg/dL

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15
Q

Sodium is the primary…

A

extracellular cation

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16
Q

Function of sodium:

A

balance fluids

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17
Q

Common causes of hypernatremia:

A
  • fluid loss
  • decreased fluid intake
  • meds like corticosteroids, laxatives, IV fluids
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18
Q

Quick elevations in sodium leads to…

A
  • coma
  • seizure
  • death
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19
Q

Treatment for hypernatremia:

A
  • rehydration

- reduce sodium intake

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20
Q

Common causes of hyponatremia:

A
  • excess body fluid

- meds like carbamazepine, thiazide and loop diuretics, and vasopressin

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21
Q

Sodium levels < 115 mEq/L leads to…

A
  • confusion
  • lethargy
  • coma
  • death
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22
Q

Potassium is the primary…

A

intracellular cation

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23
Q

Functions of potassium:

A
  • nerve and muscle excitement

- acid base balance

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24
Q

High or low potassium levels can lead to…

A

cardiac arrest

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25
Common causes of hyperkalemia:
- decreased potassium excretion (indicates renal failure) - acidosis - cell damage - meds like ACE inhibitors, and ARBs
26
Treatments for hyperkalemia:
- sodium polystyrene | - sodium zirconium
27
Common causes of hypokalemia:
- increased loss via diarrhea or vomiting - alkalosis - meds like thiazide and loop diuretics and insulin
28
Chloride is the primary...
extracellular anion
29
Hyperchloremia or hypochloremia indicates issues with...
acid base balance
30
Functions of chloride:
- electrical neutrality - water balance - acid-base balance
31
Common causes of hyperchloremia:
- dehydration - decreased loss or excretion via renal failure - acid base disorders (respiratory alkalosis or metabolic acidosis)
32
Common causes of hypochloremia:
- increased fluid - acid base disorders (respiratory acidosis or metabolic alkalosis) - meds like bicarbs, loop diuretics, acid suppressants
33
General info on bicarbs:
- base that is renally regulated | - helps with acid base balance
34
Common causes of high levels of bicarb:
- hypoventilation - vomiting - gastric suctioning
35
Common causes of low levels of bicarb:
- hyperventilation - renal failure - diarrhea
36
Function of Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN):
ratio assess renal function | - BUN:SCr is usually 20:1
37
Common causes of high levels of BUN:
- increased dietary protein intake - prerenal if > 20:1 - intrinsic renal disease if between 10:1 and 20:1
38
Common causes of low levels of BUN:
- malnutrition - liver disease - SIADH
39
What is the function of serum creatinine (SCr)?
identify renal disorders
40
Common causes of high SCr:
- renal disorders - increased protein intake/muscle mass - rhabdomyolysis
41
Common causes of low SCr:
- decreased muscle mass | - malnutrition
42
Glucose is used to diagnose or monitor...
diabetes
43
Causes of hyperglycemia:
- diabetes - high carb intake - stress - meds like steroids, dextrose IV fluids, and glucagon
44
Causes of hypoglycemia:
- fasting | - meds like insulin and sulfonylureas
45
What is the goal FBG for a patient with diabetes?
80-130 mg/dL
46
in the blood, calcium is 50% ____ and 50% ______
free and protein bound
47
Function of calcium:
- muscle contraction - coagulation - bone mineralization
48
Causes of hypercalcemia:
- hyperparathyroidism - vitamin D elevation - meds like thiazide diuretics and lithium
49
Causes of hypocalcemia:
- hypoparathyroidism - renal failure - meds like loop diuretics, calcitonin, and bisphophonates
50
Function of phosphorus:
- ATP | - macronutrient metabolism
51
Causes of hyperphosphatemia:
- renal failure - hypoparathyroidism - bone cancer
52
Causes of hypophosphatemia:
- hyperparathyroidism | - meds like phosphate binding antacids
53
Common causes of hypermagnesemia:
- renal failure | - meds that have magnesium for renal failure patients
54
Symptoms of hypermagnesemia:
- hypotension - deep tendon reflex loss - respiratory depression
55
Causes of hypomagnesemia:
- diarrhea - vomiting - malabsorption - meds like diuretics
56
Symptoms of hypomagnesemia:
cardiac arrhythmias
57
Uric acid came from...
purine nucleic acid breakdown
58
Causes of hyperuricemia:
- increased purine production via nephrolithiasis or gout | - meds like thiazide diuretics and salicylates
59
Causes of hypouricemia;
- not important | - meds like allopurinol
60
Complete metabolic panel (CMP) provides...
more detailed picture of patient status - 14 tests - same as BMP, but with liver function and protein tests
61
What are the four liver function tests?
- alkaline phosphatase (ALP) - alanine aminotransferase (ALT) - aspartate aminotransferase (AST) - total bilirubin
62
Alkaline phosphatase (ALP):
- found in liver, bones, and biliary tract | - becomes elevated in liver and bone disease
63
Alanine aminotransferase (ALT):
- mainly in liver | - elevated in liver disease or with HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors
64
Aspartate aminotransferase (AST):
elevated in organ disorders
65
Total bilirubin:
- product of hemoglobin breakdown | - high levels are caused by hemolytic disorders, hepatocellular disease
66
What are the three protein tests?
- total protein - albumin - pre-albumin
67
Protein tests are good for...
evaluating nutrition, liver, and kidney
68
Hyperproteinemia is caused by...
dehydration
69
Hypoproteinemia is caused by...
- malnutrition - liver disease - renal disease
70
Albumin is made in the ____ and used to recognize _____
liver, liver impairment
71
Pre-albumin is a faster indicator of...
change in nutrition status
72
Causes of leukocytosis:
- infection - leukemia - stress - trauma - meds like corticosteroids
73
Causes of leukopenia:
- aplastic anemia - hypersplenism - meds like chemotherapy and anticonvulsants
74
Neutrophils consists of...
segs and bands
75
Out of range neutrophils indicate...
- bacterial infections - metabolic disorders - stress
76
Out of range lymphocytes indicate...
- viral infections | - leukemia
77
Out of range eosinophils indicate:
- allergic disorders - asthma - parasitic infections
78
Out of range monocytes indicate...
- chronic infections | - leukemia or lymphoma
79
Out of range basophils indicate...
- hypersensitivity reactions | - inflammation
80
Function of hemoglobin:
carry oxygen in RBC
81
What is hematocrit?
% of blood volume made up of red blood cells
82
Causes of high levels of hemoglobin:
- severe dehydration - intensive exercise - smoking - lung disorders
83
Causes of low hemoglobin:
- anemias - blood loss - hemolysis - pregnancy
84
Where are platelets produced?
bone marrow
85
Causes of thrombocytosis:
- cancer - splenectomy - chronic inflammatory disorders
86
Causes of thrombocytopenia:
- aplastic anemia | - meds like chemo, heparin, and valproic acid
87
RBCs are produced in the...
bone marrow
88
Function of RBCs:
carry O2
89
Causes of erythrocytosis:
- high altitudes | - intensive exercise
90
Causes of erythropenia:
- anemias - blood loss - leukemia

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