LAB VALUES Flashcards

(113 cards)

1
Q

vital connection of blood to cells, tissues, and organs; maintains constant environment for cell activity

A

The circulatory system

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2
Q

Functions of the blood

A

Transportation of gases, nutrients, waste products, hormones

Defense against infection/ carry cells and antibodies

Regulate body temperature

Form blood clots (platelets) to prevent excess blood loss

Maintenance of body fluid (pH)

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3
Q

Plasma (55% of blood)

A

Liquid component of blood

Mixture of water, sugar, fat, proteins, salts

Helps maintain body’s fluid balance

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4
Q

RBC (erythrocytes)

A

Most abundant cell in blood; produced in bone marrow

Donut-shaped

120-day lifespan

Contains hemoglobin for O2 transport
3.9-5 female, 4.3-5.6 male

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5
Q

WBC (leukocytes)

A

About 1% of total blood

Main role is fighting infection (neutrophils and lymphocytes)

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6
Q

Platelets (thrombocytes)

A

Small fragments of cells

Assist with coagulation/blood clotting by sticking together

Destroyed by liver in 8 days

157-371 female, 135-317 male

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7
Q

thrombocytopenia..

A

Too few platlets

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8
Q

thrombocytosis..

A

Too many platlets

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9
Q

pH < 6.8

A

acidosis (more hydrogen ions)

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10
Q

pH > 7.8

A

alkalosis (less hydrogen ions)

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11
Q

Water pH

A

7.0 pH (equal amounts)

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12
Q

Human blood pH

A

7.34 to 7.44 (slightly alkaline)

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13
Q

Both acidosis and alkalosis can lead to ..

A

serious illness and eventual death unless a proper balance is restored.

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14
Q

Blood plasma has

A

chemical compounds called buffers to neutralize pH

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15
Q

RBC’s primary role

A

carry oxygen to cells and tissues

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16
Q

RBC’s formed in

A

bone marrow

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17
Q

Production of RBC’s

A

erythropoiesis (life span = 120 days)

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18
Q

Anemia is..

A

too few RBC’s or low hemoglobin

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19
Q

Oxygen is picked up by a protein in RBC called

A

Hemoglobin

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20
Q

Too many RBC’s (high Hgb)..

A

Polycythemia

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21
Q

RBC’s are destroyed by the..

A

liver, part of Hgb is converted to bilirubin, excreted as bile

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22
Q

When excessive amounts of Hgb are broken down or biliary excretion is decreased by liver disease or biliary obstruction

A

plasma bilirubin rises

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23
Q

Rise in plasma bilirubin results in

A

Jaundice

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24
Q

% of blood volume containing RBCs (normally about 45%, 35-44 female, 38-48 male)

A

Hematocrit

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25
S/S of anemia
Weakness or fatigue Lack of energy Fainting Paleness (pallor) Shortness of breath Fast or irregular heartbeat Cold hands or feet
26
S/S of polycythemia
Disturbed vision Dizziness Headache Flushing Enlarged spleen
27
WBC's (leukocytes) primary..
Defense against infection
28
WBC's appear
Colorless, contain a nucleus, larger than RBC’s
29
WBC formation stimulated by bacteria
Leucopoiesis
30
ingest and destroy bacteria with the formation of pus (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Granulocytes
31
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Agranulocytes
32
Monocytes
phagocytosis produced in bone marrow
33
Lymphocytes
formed in lymphatic tissue delayed hypersensitivity reactions help to calm irritation and inflammation
34
WBC's 2 main sources
Red bone marrow (granulocytes) Lymphatic tissue (lymphocytes)
35
Hepatic and biliary function tests
Bilirubin – excess amounts in blood Cholesterol Glucose ALP AST ALT PT LDH GGT
36
Liver enzyme elevation does not correlate with..
Extent of damage or prognosis
37
If (LFTS) liver count is elevated could indicate..
Fatty liver Drug-induced Hep A Hep B Hep C Autoimmune hepatitis inherited disorders
38
AST (aspartate aminotransferase) is found in
High energy cells released when cells are injured
39
AST is NOT elevated in..
Chronic liver disease
40
Increased AST alone can indicate..
Myocardial infarction
41
Highest elevations of AST are with..
Viral hepaptitis
42
AST is elevated in almost ALL..
Hepatocellular diseases
43
More specific for liver disease than AST..
ALT (alanine aminotransferase)
44
Rises higher than AST in..
Hepatitis
45
Numbers could indicate a..
Biliary obstruction
46
Elevated ______ and ______ with normal ______ rules out hepatic disease
AST LDH ALT
47
Elevated ALTs could indicate
Hepatitis Cirrhosis Tumors Obstruction
48
Which lab value is most specific for hepatocellular damage
ALT
49
Higher AST indicates
Cirrhosis Metastatic ca of liver
50
Higher ALT indicates
Acute hepatitis nonmalignant hepatic obstruction
51
GGT (Gamma Glutamyl transpeptidase) is present in..
Hepatocytes and bile duct epithelium
52
Elevation of GGT indicates..
Hepatocellular disease Post hepatic Biliary obstruction
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GGT is elevated in disease that cause..
acute damage to liver or bile ducts
54
GGT elevation in patients with acute or chronic (most sensitive indicator)..
alcohol abuse
55
If GGT and ALP are elevated it indicates..
Biliary obstruction
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If GGT and ALTs are elevated it indicates..
Hepatocellular disease
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Cellular damage causes elevation of..
LDH
58
Conditions that cause elevation of LDH
Obstructive jaundice Hemolysis Myocardial infarction Cancer (esp. lymphoma) Bacterial or viral meningitis Liver damage due to cirrhosis, chronic viral hepatitis
59
AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) is synthesized by
Fetal liver and yolk sac
60
Levels of AFP should _____ during first year of life
Decrease
61
AFP increases normally during
Pregnancy
62
If AFP is elevated, it could be a marker for..
Tumors associated with various malignancies
63
AFP could be elevated with
Hepatocellular carcinoma (hepatoma)* Germ cell tumors (testes** and ovaries) Metastatic liver cancer* Hepatoblastoma (childhood)*
63
High levels of AFP indicate _____
HCC (Nonseminomatous)
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PT (Prothrombin time) is the time..
in seconds for plasma to coagulate or clot
65
PT is a clotting factor produced by the..
Liver
66
Vitamin ___ is needed to produce PT
K
67
Abnormal PT is often due to..
Liver disease (obstruction or parenchymas disease) or Warfarin (Coumadin) treatment
68
Other uses of PT
Determining cause of abnormal bleeding Monitor warfarin usage Screen for blood clotting factor deficiency Screen for vitamin K deficiency Monitor liver function
69
INR (international normalized ratio) evaluated for..
bleeding risk during/after invasive procedures
70
INR corrects variations of
PT due to different thromboplastin reagents
71
What values are monitored prior to an invasive procedure to ensure proper clotting will take place
PT, INR and platelets Less than 1.5 is optimal for invasive procedures 1.5-2.0 is borderline
72
Total bilirubin =
Conjugated (direct) + unconjugated (indirect)
73
Increase of Unconjugated bilirubin indicates
Hepatocellular diseases and hemolytic anemias
74
Increased direct (conjugated) results from
Combines with plasma albumin and glucose More specific to biliary disease and glucose
75
ALP increases with..
Obstructive jaundice Choledocholithiasis Pancreatic carcinoma Cholangiocarcinoma Mirizzi syndrome (impacted gallstone) Choledochal cyst (Caroli’s Disease) Gallbladder carcinoma Bone growth and diseases Pregnancy Biliary cirrhosis Acute hepatitis
76
Lab test for pancreatic function
Serum amylase Serum lipase Glucose tolerance test Urinary amylase Ketone bodies in urine: faulty metabolism
77
What causes a increase in amylase
Pancreatitis and salivary gland dysfunction Renal disease
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Lipase levels _____ amylase levels
Parallel
79
In acute pancreatitis and panc cancer lipase levels..
increase at same rate as amylase
80
Lipase persists _____
Longer (remains elevated)
81
Lipase can be evaluated in the..
Urine
82
Lab tests for Kidney function urine..
Urine pH Specific Gravity Hematuria (blood in urine) Albuminuria (protein in urine) Glucose (sugar in urine) Red cell casts White cells and white cell casts Casts Creatinine clearance Uric acid
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BUN and Creatine increase indicates
Renal function is abnormal
84
Specific gravity measures..
Kidney's ability to concentrate urine
85
Hematuria (blood in urine) may indicate..
early renal disease or indicator of mass or stone
86
Albuminuria (protein in urine) indicates..
glomerular damage benign and malignant neoplasms
87
Glucose in urine indicates..
Diabetes renal tubule dysfunction
88
Red cell casts indicate..
bleeding into nephrons renal trauma calculi pyelonephritis
89
Casts are formed as a result..
cellular debris, if in urine = tubular or glomerular issues, associated w/proteinuria and albuminuria, can have RBCs/WBCs in casts
89
White cells and white cell casts indicate
Inflammation infection tissue necrosis
90
Creatinine clearance determines..
glomerular filtration rate; ↓ indicates renal dysfunction, can be a muscle issue
91
Uric acid indicates..
gout, polycythemia, liver disease, renal disease
92
If GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is abnormal..
Patients CANNOT have CT/MRI contrast
93
White blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit is not specific to the..
Kidneys
94
Urea is..
produced by liver is a waste or byproduct of protein metabolism and should be excreted in urine.
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Increased BUN indicates impaired..
Renal function ; directly proportional to renal function
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A increase in BUN and creatinine due to decrease in GFR is..
Azotemia
97
Generalized blood tests..
White blood count: ↑ with bacterial infections Platelets (thrombocytes): react to bleeding by clumping to form a blood clot, work with other coagulation factors in the body Hemoglobin: occurs when there is extensive damage or destruction of RBC’s; can cause acute renal failure Hematocrit: plasma/packed cell volume ratio, percentage of RBC’s
98
B-HCG is produced by..
trophoblastic cells (placenta) B- hCG elevated along with AFP in conjunction with testicular mass usually indicated testicular cancer Elevation in gestation trophoblastic disease (female pelvis) Choriocarcinoma (female)
99
Elevation of PSA (prostate specific antigen) occurs with..
Prostate cancer BPH (benign prostatic hypertrophy) Prostatitis Age Prostate volume
100
PSA levels
<4 ng/mL = normal 4-10 ng/mL = benign/potential malignancy >10 ng/mL = most likely cancer
101
PAP (Prostatic acid phosphatase) elevated in association with..
Prostate carcinoma
102
PAP used in conjunction with..
PSA
103
CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen) is a marker for
tumors (cancers) not specific: It will increase with benign or malignant
104
CEA can be used to also evaluate
hepatitis, pancreatitis, colitis
105
Is a tumor marker for many..
malignancies, ie. Ovarian, breast, colorectal, pancreatic, lung
106
High TSH but decreased T3 and T4 indicates..
HYPOthyroidism
107
Low TSH and high T3 and T4 indicates
HYPERthyroidism
108
If calcium is too low PTH
increases
109
If calcium is too high PTH
decreases
110
Primary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid adenoma)
↑ Serum parathyroid hormone (PTH) ↑ Serum calcium
111
Secondary hyperparathyroidism (parathyroid hyperplasia)
↑ Serum phosphates ↓ Serum calcium