Lab Values and Diagnostic Testing

Question 1

Female Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Answer 1

12-16 g/dL
Low: Bleeding or anemia
High: Polycythemia

Question 2

Male Hemoglobin (Hgb)

Answer 2

14-18 g/dL
Low: Bleeding or anemia
High Polycythemia

Question 3

Female Hematocrit (Hct)

Answer 3

37-47%
% by volume of red blood cells in blood
Low: Fluid overload
High: Dehydration

Question 4

Male Hematocrit (Hct)

Answer 4

45-52%
% by volume of red blood cells in blood
Low Fluid overload
High: Dehydration

Question 5

Platelet Count

Answer 5

150,000-400,000
Low: Risk for bleeding
High: Risk for excessive clotting

Question 6

White Blood Cell (WBC) Count

Answer 6

5,000-10,000
Low: Immunocompromised
High: Infection

Question 7

Sodium (Na)

Answer 7

136-145 mEG/L
High/low impacts neurological function

Question 8

Potassium (K)

Answer 8

3.5-5.0 mEG/L
High/low impacts heart muscle

Question 9

Calcium (Ca)

Answer 9

8.4-10.5 mg/dL
Impacts heart muscle and skeletal muscle

Question 10

Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN)

Answer 10

10-20 mg/dL
Low: fluid overload or liver disease
High: Renal disease or dehydration

Question 11

Glucose

Answer 11

70-110 mg/dL
Low: Hypoglycemia
High: Diabetes or adrenal gland abnormalities

Question 12

Female Creatinine

Answer 12

0.5-1.1 mg/dL
Low: Impaired nutrition
High: Renal disease

Question 13

Male Creatinine

Answer 13

0.6-1.2 mg/dL
Low: Impaired Nutrition
High: Renal disease

Question 14

Coagulation Studies:
International Normalized Ratio (INR)

Answer 14

0.76-1.27
Low: Risk for clotting
High: Risk for bleeding

Question 15

Coagulation Studies:
Prothrombin Time (PT)

Answer 15

11-12.5 seconds
Low: Risk for clotting
High: Risk for bleeding

Question 16

Coagulation Studies:
Partial Thromboplastin Time

Answer 16

60-70 seconds
Low: Risk for clotting
High: Risk for bleeding

Question 17

Arterial Blood Gases:
Acid-Base Balance

Answer 17

7.35-7.45
Low: Acidosis
High: Alkalosis

Question 18

Arterial Blood Gases:
Partial Pressure of Oxygen (pO2)

Answer 18

80-100 mmHg
Low: Hypoxia
High: Increased O2 levels in inhaled air

Question 19

Arterial Blood Gases:
Partial Pressure of Carbon Dioxide (pCO2)

Answer 19

35-45 mmHG
Low: Acidosis
High: Alkalosis

Question 20

Arterial Blood Gases:
Bicarbonate (HCO3)

Answer 20

21-28 mEG/L
Low: Acidosis
High: Alkalosis

Question 21

Non-invasive test that involves using cross-sections to provide an image:

Answer 21

Computed Tomography (CT)

*Screen for allergies and renal disease due to use of dye

Question 22

Most common diagnostic tool that exposes the body to a small dose of radiation:

Answer 22

X-Ray

Question 23

Uses sound waves to assess size, shape, or fluid in organ or cavity:

Answer 23

Ultrasound

*No special precautions

Question 24

Uses magnetic fields to create images - commonly used for ischemic strokes or soft tissues damage:

Answer 24

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

*Client must be screened for implanted metal

Question 25

Total Cholesterol

Answer 25

Normal Range: < 200 mg/dL

Question 26

High Density Lipoproteins (HDL)

Answer 26

Good Cholesterol Normal Range: > 55 mg/dL

Question 27

Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Answer 27

Bad Cholesterol Normal Range: < 130 mg/dL

Question 28

Uses scope with camera to visualize area:

Answer 28

Direct Visualization - Scopes *Endoscopy (esophagus), Bronchoscopy (air passages), Arthroscopy (joints)

Question 29

Uses radioactive isotope injected into client and then client is scanned:

Answer 29

Nuclear Diagnostic Scan *Client requires IV

Question 30

Uses small needle to withdraw fluid through surgical incision for analysis:

Answer 30

"-centesis" *Invasive, client NPO if sedated *Paracentesis (peritoneal cavity), Thoracentesis (pleural space between lung and chest wall), Amniocentesis (amniotic fluid)

Question 31

Sample of body tissue taken for analysis:

Answer 31

Biopsy *Invasive, clients sedated and NPO

Question 32

Nursing Process: ADPIE

Answer 32

Assess Diagnose/Analyze Plan Implement Evaluate

Question 33

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs:

Answer 33

Highest: Physiological Needs Safety Needs Love and Belonging Esteem Needs Lowest: Self-actualization

Question 34

Common Symptoms of STI:

Answer 34

Discharge from penis, vagina, or anus Pain during sex Blisters/sores Fever

Question 35

Human Immunodeficiency Disorder (HIV)

Answer 35

Transmitted: Contaminated needles/blood products or vaginal/anal/oral intercourse

Question 36

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)

Answer 36

*Most Common STI Transmitted: Direct contact with genital warts, semen, and other fluids

Question 37

Chlamydia

Answer 37

*Bacterial Infection - can cause infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease if not treated quickly

Question 38

Assessment Sexual Health: PLISSIT

Answer 38

Permission Limited Information is relayed about clients sexual health Specific Suggestions Intensive Therapy

Question 39

Focuses on improved health outcomes for an entire population - Primary care and health education, proper nutrition, maternal child health care, family planning, immunizations, disease control

Answer 39

Primary Health Care

Question 40

Disease-oriented and focused on reducing and controlling risk factors for disease through activities - Immunization and occupational health programs, helmets/seatbelts, education, maternity care, BP screening

Answer 40

Client Preventative Services

Question 41

Measures to prevent illness across a population

Answer 41

Population-Base Health Care

Question 42

Clients treated for illness or injury that needs care beyond primary care - Acute inpatient, ER care, etc.

Answer 42

Secondary Health Care

Question 43

Client receives care for injury or illness but care is more specialized - Intensive care, long-term acute care

Answer 43

Tertiary Health Care

Question 44

Client has had an illness or injury and needs extended care after an acute problem - Rehab, skilled nursing facility, cardia rehab, home health

Answer 44

Restorative Care

Question 45

Client can't care for themselves without assistance for prolonged period or even for the rest of their life - Hospice, nursing homes, assisted living, adult day care, respite care

Answer 45

Continuing Care

Question 46

Prioritizing Problems:

Answer 46

High: problems that will cause loss of life or limb Intermediate: problems that are physical but not immediately life threatening or emergent Low: problems that are psychosocial or require education

Question 47

Acronym for Writing Outcomes (SMART):

Answer 47

Specific Measurable Attainable Relevant Time specified

Question 48

Clinical Judgement Model:

Answer 48

*Created by National Council of State Nursing Boards (NCSBN) Recognizing cues Analyzing cues Prioritizing hypotheses Generating solutions Take actions Evaluating outcomes

Question 49

Isotope scan of oxygen flow, glucose metabolism, and blood flow - gives info about physiology of area

Answer 49

Positron emission tomography (PET)

Question 50

Five Components of Critical Thinking:

Answer 50

Knowledge Base Experience Critical Thinking Competencies Attitudes Standards for Critical Thinking