LAB VALUES - LONG

Question 1

—The blood has 3 major types of cells

Answer 1

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes
Thrombocytes

Question 2

—Erythrocytes

Answer 2

—Red Blood Cells

Question 3

—Erythrocytes —Live

Answer 3

120 days

Question 4

—Erythrocytes —Male – ERR

Answer 4

4.6-5.9 mill/m3

Question 5

—Erythrocytes —Female –ERR

Answer 5

4.2-5.4 mill/m3

Question 6

—Red cells needed for tissue

Answer 6

oxygenation

Question 7

—Erythrocytes —Elevated in ___ _____ or after ______ (due to need of O2)

Answer 7

high altitudes
activity

Question 8

—Need to make happy healthy RBCs

Answer 8

Good Genes
Can inherit genes like sickle cell
Healthy Kidneys
Erythropoietin
Healthy Thyroid
Hypothyroidism – decreases production of red cells

Question 9

—Erythropoietin

Answer 9

?

Question 10

—Hypothyroidism – decreases production of

Answer 10

red cells

Question 11

—Building blocks RBC’S

Answer 11

Vitamin B12
Iron
Folic Acid

Question 12

— —Hemoglobin Male - ERR

Answer 12

13.0-18.0 g/dl

Question 13

Hemoglobin —Female ERR

Answer 13

12.0-16.0 g/dl

Question 14

Hemoglobin —Elevated in

Answer 14

pregnancy

Question 15

Hemoglobin —Decreased in hemorrhage, destruction of Hgb, lack of items to form Hgb, hemolytic anemia, renal disease, SLE, bone marrow suppression, etc.

Answer 15

hemorrhage,
destruction of Hgb,
lack of items to form Hgb,
hemolytic anemia,
renal disease,
SLE,
bone marrow suppression, etc.

Question 16

—Hemoglobin —Decreased Potential for infection is

Answer 16

increased

Question 17

—Hemoglobin —Decreased Potential for infection is —Increased ex’s

Answer 17

Polycythemia Vera, Congestive Heart Failure, COPD

Question 18

—Polycythemia –

Answer 18

abnormal increase in the number of RBCs ??

Question 19

—Note that excessive intake can cause a

Answer 19

decrease in Hgb. ??

Question 20

—Hematocrit —Determines the percentage of

Answer 20

RBCs in the plasma (roughly 3 times the Hgb)

Question 21

—Hematocrit —Male ERR

Answer 21

45-52%

Question 22

—Hematocrit —Female ERR

Answer 22

37-48%

Question 23

— —HematocritDecreases in

Answer 23

pregnancy especially last trimester due to increase of serum volume

Question 24

—Hematocrit —Also decreased in

Answer 24

anemias,
adrenal insufficiency,
leukemias,
Hodgkin’s Disease,
chronic illness,
acute and chronic blood loss,
hemolytic reaction

Question 25

when hemoconcentration rises considerably

Answer 25

—Increased in erythrocytosis, Polycythemia Vera, and shock

Question 26

(MCV)

Answer 26

—Mean Corpuscular Volume

Question 27

—Mean Corpuscular Volume

Answer 27

—Describes the average size of RBC

Question 28

—MCV Formula

Answer 28

MCV = Hct ÷ RBC

Question 29

(MCV) ERR

Answer 29

—80-100 µm3

Question 30

microcytic

Answer 30

—<80 – (RBC too small) CONFIRM IS THIS A TYPE OF ANEMIA

Question 31

—9/10 iron deficiency anemia ??

Answer 31

Most iron deficiency anemias are child related Iron is essential for vertical growth in kids Iron deficiencies in adults are usually not diet related.

Question 32

microcytic causes

Answer 32

Lead poisoning Thalassemia (Cooley’s anemia) GI Bleeds (adults Growing kids – too much milk (no more than 16 oz/day, interferes with iron absorption) Too much tea (tannins interfere with iron absorption) Celiac disease (interferes with iron absorption) Long term PPIs

Question 33

macrocytic

Answer 33

—>100 – (RBC too large) —Think booze (liver disease) CONFIRM IS THIS A TYPE OF ANEMIA

Question 34

macrocytic causes

Answer 34

Think booze (liver disease) Hemolysis Certain drugs

Question 35

megaloblastic

Answer 35

—>120 – anemia

Question 36

megaloblastic causes

Answer 36

B12 or folic acid deficiency Vegans PPI long term use

Question 37

—MCH (what does mch mean?)

Answer 37

—Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin Amount of Hgb in a single cell

Question 38

MCH ERR

Answer 38

—27-32 pg

Question 39

— (MCHC)

Answer 39

Mean Corpuscular Hemaglobin Concentration —Portion of each cell occupied by Hgb —Seen in iron deficiency anemia

Question 40

—Reticulocytes

Answer 40

—Immature RBC, elevated with hemorrhage (takes 1-4 days to mature)

Question 41

—Immature RBC, elevated with hemorrhage (takes 1-4 days to mature)

Answer 41

?

Question 42

—Reticulocytes —___ - ____% of total RBC

Answer 42

0.5-2.5

Question 43

—Reticulocytes —Slightly increased in

Answer 43

pregnancy

Question 44

—Reticulocytes —Increase – after acute

Answer 44

blood loss. Iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell disease due to the destruction of the RBC

Question 45

——Reticulocytes Decrease – w/

Answer 45

—Reticulocytes

Question 46

—Leukocytes

Answer 46

—White Blood Cells

Question 47

—Granulocytes

Answer 47

Blood consists of two types of white blood cells (WBC), viz, granulocytes and agranulocytes.

Question 48

—Granulocytes

Answer 48

Basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils

Question 49

Agranulocytes

Answer 49

Lymphocytes and Monocytes

Question 50

—Neutrophils __-__% of WBC

Answer 50

40-80 % ( GRANULOCTYES

Question 51

—Neutrophils —Bands are immature

Answer 51

neutrophils

Question 52

—Neutrophils —Segs are

Answer 52

mature

Question 53

—Neutrophils —Life span

Answer 53

a couple of hours

Question 54

—Neutrophils —Left shift –

Answer 54

Bands greater than segs (infection)

Question 55

—Neutrophils —Right shift –

Answer 55

Segs greater than bands (liver disease, pernicious anemia)

Question 56

—Neutrophils —Phagocytic –

Answer 56

job is to eat virulent bacteria!

Question 57

—Eosinophils 0-5%

Answer 57

—Granulocytes, cont —Respond to foreign protein (allergic response) Responds to parasites Does not respond to virus or bacteria

Question 58

——Eosinophils 0-5% Respond to foreign protein (allergic response) EX

Answer 58

—Ragweed, pollen, dust, peanuts, some drugs to name a few.

Question 59

— —Eosinophils Responds to

Answer 59

parasites

Question 60

— —Eosinophils —Does not respond to

Answer 60

virus or bacteria

Question 61

—Basophils 0-2%

Answer 61

—Granulocytes, Look at an attack on the body, releases heparin to prevent clotting and sends WBC to site of attack Elevated in graft rejections Decreased in hypothyroidism

Question 62

—Elevated in graft rejections

Answer 62

?

Question 63

—Decreased in hypothyroidism

Answer 63

?

Question 64

—Lymphocytes __-_____% OR wbc

Answer 64

—10-40% of WBC

Question 65

—T Cells (CD3+) – 70-80% ARE

Answer 65

(Killer cells)

Question 66

—T Cells —Stimulate release of

Answer 66

B cells

Question 67

B cells—Responsible for

Answer 67

cellular immunity

Question 68

—B Cells

Answer 68

(CD19+) – 10-20% (produce antibodies)

Question 69

—NK Cells

Answer 69

(CD16+) Natural Killer Cells – 10%

Question 70

——Lymphocytes Decreased in immunodeficiency disorders, lupus, antineoplastic drug therapy, sepsis, ischemia

Answer 70

lupus, antineoplastic drug therapy, sepsis, ischemia

Question 71

—Thrombocytes

Answer 71

—Platelets

Question 72

—Platelets —Cause

Answer 72

homeostasis

Question 73

— ERR —Platelets Range

Answer 73

150,000 - 450,000

Question 74

—Platelets ——Life span

Answer 74

5-10 days

Question 75

Platelets—Die in the

Answer 75

spleen

Question 76

—Decrease platelets and increase WBCs is a sign of

Answer 76

sepsis

Question 77

—Platelets are decreased:

Answer 77

CHF Viral or bacterial infections HIV Alcohol toxicity Renal disease After massive blood transfusion (dilution effect)

Question 78

—Platelets are increased:

Answer 78

Iron deficiency anemia Essential thrombocytopenia Asphyxiation Rheumatoid Arthritis, SLE, other collagen diseases Chronic pancreatitis, TB, inflammatory bowel diseases

Question 79

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate

Answer 79

—Measures the speed in which RBC settle in a tube of anticoagulated blood

Question 80

—Measures the speed in which RBC settle in a tube of anticoagulated blood

Answer 80

?

Question 81

——Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR Male:

Answer 81

0-15 mm/hr

Question 82

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR —Female:

Answer 82

0-20 mm/hr

Question 83

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate ERR Pregnancy ERR

Answer 83

0-15 mm/hr

Question 84

—Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate Increased in

Answer 84

pregnancy, inflammation, tissue injury, rheumatoid arthritis, PID, AIDS

Question 85

—Plasma

Answer 85

—55% of blood volume —Straw colored —Contains proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, glucose, electrolytes, vitamins, hormones

Question 86

—Serum

Answer 86

—Plasma minus the clotting protein fibrinogen —Used for certain chemistry tests and routine blood bank tests

Question 87

—Clotting Studies

Answer 87

—Prothrombin time (PT) —INR Activated partial Prothrombin time (PTT) D-Dimer

Question 88

—Prothrombin time (PT)

Answer 88

—~15 seconds

Question 89

—INR

Answer 89

—<2

Question 90

—Activated partial Prothrombin time (PTT)

Answer 90

—~30 seconds

Question 91

—D-Dimer —Increased with:

Answer 91

—DIC, arterial and venous thrombosis, renal or liver failure, pulmonary embolism, MI, malignancy, inflammation, severe infection, COVID-19 (diffuse clotting)

Question 92

D-Dimer —Normal Values

Answer 92

<250µg/L or <1.37 nmol/L

Question 93

—Can do on spinal fluid to rule out

Answer 93

subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Positive in SAH. ??

Question 94

—Hematologic Tests You are looking at:

Answer 94

Oxygenation Infectious processes Bleeding

Question 95

—When to call the physician

Answer 95

Look at trends. Is it sudden or slow changes? Look at mental status- irritability, restlessness Look at activity or at rest – Increased respirations, increased SOB Look at HR increase >20 B/Min or greater than 120 Look at skin – petechiae (sudden – decreased platelets)

Question 96

When to call the physician —Look at trends. Is it sudden or slow changes?

Answer 96

IN A SUDDEN CHANGE YOU CALL DOC

Question 97

—Look at mental status- irritability, restlessness

Answer 97

??

Question 98

—Look at activity or at rest – Increased respirations, increased SOB

Answer 98

CALL THE DOC:?

Question 99

—Look at HR increase >20 B/Min or greater than 120

Answer 99

CALL THE DOC:?

Question 100

—Look at skin – petechiae (sudden – decreased platelets)

Answer 100

CALL THE DOC:?

Question 101

—Herbal effects

Answer 101

Garlic – risk of increased bleeding Ginkgo – risk of increased bleeding Echinacea – impairs wound healing and can effect immunosuppressive drugs

Question 102

—Glucose

Answer 102

Fasting Random 2 hour post prandiial Glucose tolerance test Hemaglobin A1C or Glycohemoglobin

Question 103

—Glucose —Fasting ERR child and ERR adult

Answer 103

—60 – 100 mg/dl (Child) .70-100 mg/dL (Adult)

Question 104

—Hypoglycemia Glucose

Answer 104

< 60

Question 105

—Hyperglycemia Glucose

Answer 105

>100

Question 106

mild diabetic acidosis Glucose level

Answer 106

300-450

Question 107

moderate diabetic acidosis glucose level

Answer 107

450-600

Question 108

severe diabetic acidosis Glucose level

Answer 108

>600

Question 109

—Glucose —Fasting —Measure with

Answer 109

acetone levels

Question 110

——Glucose —Fasting — Elevates with

Answer 110

glucocorticoids, adrenalin release growth hormone during pregnancy

Question 111

—Postprandial Blood Sugar Usually done when

Answer 111

— at 2 hours after meal

Question 112

—Postprandial Blood Sugar—Glucose > 140 usually suggest

Answer 112

diabetes

Question 113

—Postprandial Blood Sugar glucose Values do rise about

Answer 113

15 mg/dl with each decade of life

Question 114

—Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 114

is this different than the a1bc???

Question 115

—Hemoglobin A1C

Answer 115

—Measures only one component of Hgb A

Question 116

—Hemoglobin A1C ERR non diabetic adult

Answer 116

—2.2-5.6% -

Question 117

Hemoglobin A1C ERR pre-diabetic

Answer 117

—5.6-6.4 –—

Question 118

Hemoglobin A1C ERR diabetic

Answer 118

—> 6.5 - —

Question 119

Hemoglobin A1C ERR good diabetic control

Answer 119

—2.5-5.9% - —

Question 120

Hemoglobin A1C ERR fair diabetic control

Answer 120

—6-8% - —

Question 121

Hemoglobin A1C ERR poor diabetic control

Answer 121

—>8% - —

Question 122

—Acetone or Ketones

Answer 122

May be serum or urine Serum acetone level 0.3-2.0 mg/dl Serum ketone levels Undiluted – 4+ = mild ketoacidosis 1;1 dilution – 4+ = moderate ketoacidosis 1:2 dilution – 4+ = severe ketoacidosis

Question 123

—Large amounts —Acetone or Ketones in serum is diagnostic of

Answer 123

ketoacidosis

Question 124

—Serum acetone level

Answer 124

—0.3-2.0 mg/dl

Question 125

—Serum ketone levels

Answer 125

Undiluted – 4+ = mild ketoacidosis 1;1 dilution – 4+ = moderate ketoacidosis 1:2 dilution – 4+ = severe ketoacidosis

Question 126

—Acetone or Ketones

Answer 126

—Urine ketones are elevated before serum buildup because as ketones enter the bloodstream, the excess is excreted by the kidneys

Question 127

—Electrolytes

Answer 127

Sodium Potassium Chloride Carbon Dioxide Calcium Phosphorus Magnesium

Question 128

—Sodium ERR

Answer 128

134-145 mEq/L

Question 129

Highest concentration of all electrolytes in serum

Answer 129

—Sodium

Question 130

Maintains osmotic pressure

Answer 130

—Sodium

Question 131

Water goes to where the salt is So changes are in relation to fluid

Answer 131

overload or dehydration

Question 132

—Elevated when not enough water in the body to balance the increasing sodium level.

Answer 132

—Sodium

Question 133

—As sodium pulls water into the vascular system, the cells are

Answer 133

also depleted of water.

Question 134

—Seen w/

Answer 134

diarrhea or vomiting

Question 135

SODIUM IS DECREASED W/

Answer 135

Fluid overload IV fluid without sodium SIADH Over production of ADH which lead to increase in total body water Compulsive water drinking Some types of renal failure Diabetic ketoacidosis Vomiting and diarrhea Addison’s Disease

Question 136

—Electrolytes - Potassium ERR

Answer 136

—3.5-5.0 mEq/L

Question 137

Potassium —Essential for

Answer 137

neuromuscular function and cardiac function

Question 138

—Kidneys excrete almost all the

Answer 138

potassium (GI to a small extent)

Question 139

—Hyperkalemia

Answer 139

K+ (>5mEq/L)

Question 140

—Hyperkalemia CAN CAUSE

Answer 140

Renal Failure Too rapid infusion of potassium replacement Initial reaction to massive tissue damage Associated with metabolic acidosis

Question 141

—Hypokalemia

Answer 141

K+ (<3.5 mEq/L)

Question 142

—Hypokalemia can cause

Answer 142

Diuretics, especially thiazides Inadequate intake, vomiting or potassium free IV fluids Large amounts of steroids Aftermath of tissue destruction or high stress Associated with metabolic alkalosis

Question 143

—Electrolytes - Chloride ERR

Answer 143

—110-250 mEq/L

Question 144

—Increase is note usually looked at

Answer 144

separately. Looked at in conjunction with increased sodium level and a decreased bicarbonate level Kidneys unable to excrete chlorides properly IV fluids containing sodium CONFIRM WHAT THIS MEANS

Question 145

—Hypochloremia

Answer 145

(Decreased chloride level)

Question 146

—Hypochloremia often due to

Answer 146

—Due to vomiting, gastric suction, diarrhea, and diuretics

Question 147

—COPD due to high bicarb levels

Answer 147

???? Ask dr brown or research thius one

Question 148

—Any alkalotic state

Answer 148

???? Ask dr brown or research thius one

Question 149

—Electrolytes – Carbon Dioxide

Answer 149

—Indirect measurement of bicarbonate levels

Question 150

—Indirect measurement of bicarbonate levels

Answer 150

Metabolic Acidosis Diabetic ketoacidosis Shock with tissue hypoxia Renal failure or severe dehydration Cardiac arrest Aspirin overdose CONFIRM WHAT IS DECREASED, THE CO2 LEVEL OF THE HCO3 LEVEL

Question 151

—Electrolytes – Carbon Dioxide Decreased in:

Answer 151

GI loses below the pylorus (pancreatic secretions high in bicarbonate) Increase in serum chloride level

Question 152

—Electrolytes - Calcium ERR

Answer 152

—8.5-10.5 mg/dl

Question 153

—Calcium Carried mainly by

Answer 153

albumin (decrease of 1g of albumin means a decrease in 0.8 mg/dl of calcium)

Question 154

—Hypercalcemia

Answer 154

Ca+ (>10.5 mg/dl)

Question 155

——Hypercalcemia Pseudo rise caused by

Answer 155

dehydration

Question 156

—Hypercalcemia other causes

Answer 156

Hyperparathyroidism Malignancies Immobilization Thiazide diuretics Vitamin D intoxication

Question 157

—Hypocalcemia

Answer 157

Ca+ (<8.5 mg/dl)

Question 158

—Pseudo decrease w/

Answer 158

low albumin levels

Question 159

—Hypocalcemia other causes

Answer 159

Hyperparathyroidism Chronic renal disease Pancreatitis Massive blood transfusions Severe malnutrition

Question 160

—Electrolytes - Phosphorus ERR

Answer 160

—3.0-4.5 mg/dl

Question 161

——Electrolytes - Phosphorus Major intracellular anion – regulates

Answer 161

enzymatic action necessary for energy transformation

Question 162

—Electrolytes - Phosphorus Located in

Answer 162

bone and skeletal muscle

Question 163

—Hyperphosphatemia

Answer 163

Always evaluated with serum calcium levels Lack of PTH decreases renal excretion of phosphorus Increase of growth hormone Vitamin D intoxication Malignancies

Question 164

—Hypophosphatemia

Answer 164

Hyperparathyroidism Diuretics Some types of renal diseases Drugs that bind phosphate like aluminum and magnesium Malabsorption syndromes

Question 165

—Electrolytes - Magnesium ERR

Answer 165

—1.5-2.0 mEq/L

Question 166

—Electrolytes - Magnesium —Essential for

Answer 166

neuromuscular function and activation of certain enzymes

Question 167

——Electrolytes - Magnesium Excreted primarily by

Answer 167

the kidneys

Question 168

—Hypermagnesemia

Answer 168

Renal Failure IV administration of MgSO4 for toxemia

Question 169

—Hypomagnesemia

Answer 169

Chronic malnutrition Diarrhea or draining GI fistulas Diuretics Diabetes Hypercalcemia or other complex metabolic disorders

Question 170

—Cardiac Markers (Enzymes)

Answer 170

CK CK-MB LDH LDH-1 SGOT Myoglobin Troponin I BNP

Question 171

—CK

Answer 171

Creatine Kinase

Question 172

Creatine Kinase Elevated w/

Answer 172

muscle activity or damage

Question 173

Three types: Creatine Kinase

Answer 173

CK –I CK-II CK-III

Question 174

CK –I

Answer 174

(BB) brain tissue and smooth muscle

Question 175

CK-II

Answer 175

(MB) heart tissue

Question 176

CK-III

Answer 176

(MM) Muscle tissue

Question 177

Creatine Kinase Normal ERR

Answer 177

—<100 µ g/ml

Question 178

CK – Creatine Kinase With MI

Answer 178

Onset 4-6 hours Peak 24 hours Return to normal 2-3 days CONFIRM WHAT THIS MEANS

Question 179

—CK-MB

Answer 179

WHAT DOES THIS MEAN

Question 180

—CK-MB NORMAL ERR

Answer 180

—<10% of total

Question 181

CK -MB With MI

Answer 181

Onset 4-6 hours Peak 12-20 hours Return to normal 2-3 days Can also be elevated with Reye’s Syndrome, SAH, CO poisoning, circulatory failure and shock, polymyosis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever.

Question 182

—LDH

Answer 182

Lactic Dehydrogenase

Question 183

Lactic Dehydrogenase Found in large amounts in

Answer 183

heart, liver, muscles, and erythrocytes

Question 184

Lactic Dehydrogenase ERR

Answer 184

—150-300 U/ml

Question 185

Lactic Dehydrogenase W/ MI

Answer 185

Onset 8-12 hours Peak 2-4 days Return to normal 7-10 days

Question 186

LDH1

Answer 186

LDH1- heart and erythrocyte

Question 187

LDH2

Answer 187

LDH2- reticuloendothelial system

Question 188

LSH3

Answer 188

LDH3- lungs and other tissues

Question 189

LDH4

Answer 189

LDH4- placenta, kidney, pancreas

Question 190

LDH5-

Answer 190

LDH5- liver and striated muscle

Question 191

normal ERR

Answer 191

LDH1 > LDH2 30-35% OF TOTAL LDH2>LDH1 W/ MI in day 1 and persistant flip may represent reinfarction CONFIRM WHAT DOES THIS MEAN?????

Question 192

—SGOT

Answer 192

Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase

Question 193

Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase

Answer 193

Released from damaged cardiac cells Can also be elevated with liver involvement such as hepatitis, shock, trauma, cirrhosis. Also elevated with Reye’s Syndrome and pulmonary infarction.

Question 194

—SGOT Normal ERR

Answer 194

—8-40 U/ml

Question 195

—SGOT wi MI

Answer 195

Onset 8-12 hours Peak 1-2 days Return to normal 3-6 days

Question 196

—Myoglobin

Answer 196

Cardiac Marker with high sensitivity for detection of AMI within the first few hours of presentation Low specificity for cardiac necrosis in patients with renal failure or skeletal muscle trauma (use with other markers)

Question 197

Low specificity for cardiac necrosis in patients with

Answer 197

renal failure or skeletal muscle trauma (use with other markers)

Question 198

—Myoglobin Normal ERR

Answer 198

—<110 ng/ml

Question 199

Myoglobin With MI

Answer 199

Onset 1-2 hours Return to normal 12-24 hours

Question 200

—Troponin I

Answer 200

Assay that is less influenced by other factors than Troponin T

Question 201

The greater the Troponin leak the greater the

Answer 201

risk of death

Question 202

Troponin I Normal ERR

Answer 202

—<1.5ng/ml

Question 203

Troponin I With MI

Answer 203

Onset 7-14 hours Peak 24 hours Return to normal 7 days

Question 204

—BNP – B-Type Natriuretic peptide

Answer 204

Cardiac enzyme produced by the heart ventricles in response to ventricular volume expansion and pressure overload

Question 205

AMI RATES (WHAT IS AMI??)

Answer 205

—<80 – low mortality at 10 months with AMI —>80 – high mortality at 10 months with AMI.

Question 206

CHF RATES

Answer 206

100-200 – LV dysfunction, no CHF <230 – low admission rate or mortality from CHF 230-480 – probable admission from CHF >480 – definite admission and high risk of death

Question 207

—pH

Answer 207

—Measures H+ concentration to reflect acid-base status

Question 208

—pH ERR

Answer 208

—Normal – 7.35 – 7.45

Question 209

pH Acidic

Answer 209

—Acidic – less than 7.35

Question 210

pH Alkalotic

Answer 210

—Alkalotic – greater than 7.45

Question 211

—PaCO2

Answer 211

—Partial pressure of CO2 in arterial blood —Respiratory component of acid-base

Question 212

—PaCO2 —Normal ERR

Answer 212

35-45 mm Hg

Question 213

—Hypercapnia

Answer 213

(PaCO2 > 45 mm Hg) – alveolar hypoventilation & respiratory acidosis

Question 214

—Hyperventilation

Answer 214

(PaCO2 < 35 mm Hg) – respiratory alkalosis

Question 215

—PaO2

Answer 215

—Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood —No role in acid-base regulation if within normal limits

Question 216

—PaO2—Normal ERR

Answer 216

80-95 mm Hg

Question 217

—Hypoxemia

Answer 217

(PaO2 < 60 mm Hg) leads to anaerobic metabolism, lactic acid production and metabolic acidosis

Question 218

—Hypoxemia can cause

Answer 218

hyperventilation leading to resp. alkalosis

Question 219

—Saturation

Answer 219

Measures degree Hemoglobin is saturated with oxygen Effected by changes in temperature, pH, and PaCO2 Drops rapidly when PaO2 falls below 60 mm Hg Best range – 95%-99%, but needs to be above 90%

Question 220

—Base Excess or deficit

Answer 220

—Indicates the amount of blood buffer (hemoglobin and plasma bicarbonate) present

Question 221

—Normal ±2

Answer 221

??

Question 222

—Alkalosis >2

Answer 222

??

Question 223

—Acidosis <2

Answer 223

??

Question 224

—HCO3

Answer 224

Renal component of acid-base regulation Reported as CO2 content or total CO2

Question 225

——HCO3 Normal ERR –

Answer 225

22-26 mEq/L

Question 226

—Metabolic acidosis -

Answer 226

<22 mEq/L

Question 227

—Metabolic alkalosis -

Answer 227

>26 mEq/L

Question 228

—Can be primary or compensatory

Answer 228

???

Question 229

—Lipid Metabolism

Answer 229

Serum Cholesterol Serum Triglycerides High-density lipoprotein cholesterol Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Question 230

—Serum Cholesterol

Answer 230

Essential for the production of bile salts, for the manufacture of many steroid hormones, and for the composition of cell membranes.

Question 231

—Serum Cholesterol ERR

Answer 231

<200 mg/dL – Normal however prefer to be under 180 with the new guidelines

Question 232

—Serum Cholesterol Borderline HIgh4

Answer 232

200-239 mg/dL

Question 233

—Serum Cholesterol High

Answer 233

>240 mg/dL High

Question 234

—Serum Cholesterol Increases with pregnancy but

Answer 234

returns to baseline in about a month

Question 235

—Serum Triglycerides

Answer 235

??

Question 236

—High-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Answer 236

??

Question 237

—Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol

Answer 237

??

Question 238

—Hyperlipidemia

Answer 238

Broad term that means an high plasma levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, or complex lipoproteins.

Question 239

—Serum Cholesterol Elevated in:

Answer 239

Familial cholesterolemia Familial combined hyperdemia Familial hypertriglyceridemia Liver disease with biliary obstruction Hypothyroidism Pancreatic dysfunction Corticosteroids Nephrotic syndrome Pregnancy

Question 240

—Serum Cholesterol Decreased in:

Answer 240

Hyperthyroidism Severe liver damage (can’t manufacture cholesterol anymore) Malnutrition Chronic anemia AIDS Cortisone therapy Low levels unlikely to cause any symptoms

Question 241

—Triglycerides

Answer 241

Neutral fats and oils that come from animal and vegetable oils and breakdown of carbohydrates Peak 5 hours after a meal Excess are used for energy and stored as adipose tissue

Question 242

—Triglycerides Normal ERR - —Below 65 Years of age

Answer 242

90-150 mg/dL (females slightly lower)

Question 243

—Triglycerides Normal ERR —Older than 65 Years of age

Answer 243

—130-135 mg/dL

Question 244

—Triglycerides Elevated in:

Answer 244

Pregnancy Birth control pills Nephrotic syndrome Pancreatic dysfunction Diabetes Toxemia in pregnancy Hypothyroidism

Question 245

—Triglycerides Decreased in:

Answer 245

—Rare genetic defects

Question 246

If lTriglycerides are ow due to an exhaustion of body stores of essential fatty acids then you see

Answer 246

thinning hair, scaly and dry skin, poor wound healing, and decrease in platelets

Question 247

— (HDL)

Answer 247

High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Question 248

20% of total cholesterol is

Answer 248

HDL

Question 249

Low levels HDL are associated w/

Answer 249

increase of cardiovascular disease

Question 250

HDL Levels <35 put you at risk of

Answer 250

CAD

Question 251

HDL Levels >35 make you less

Answer 251

likely for CAD

Question 252

Can increase HDL levels w/

Answer 252

exercise

Question 253

—High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL)Normal Male ERR

Answer 253

—>44-45 mg/dl

Question 254

—High-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL) Normal Femal ERR

Answer 254

—>55 mg/dl

Question 255

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL)

Answer 255

Carry cholesterol in the plasma. Associated with CAD and noted as the “bad” cholesterol

Question 256

LDL formula

Answer 256

LDL = total cholesterol – (HDL cholesterol + triglycerides)

Question 257

Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) desirable range for adults

Answer 257

<130 mg/dl:

Question 258

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) Borderline high risk for CAD

Answer 258

130 – 159 mg/dl:

Question 259

—Low-density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (LDL) high risk for CAD

Answer 259

>160 mg/dl: