Labelling Theory (Week 10)

Question 1

What is the response to crime?

Answer 1

To try to divert people who commit crime from formal justice system

Question 2

What is the method of crime prevention?

Answer 2

Decriminalisation and radical nonintervention

Question 3

How should the criminal justice systems operate?

Answer 3

It should erase stigmatising effect
Have greater tolerance
Minimal intervention

Question 4

What is the nature of crime?

Answer 4

It is determined by labelling process

Question 5

What is the cause of crime?

Answer 5

Stigmatisation and negative effects of labelling?

Question 6

What is the focus of labelling theory?

Answer 6

The relationship between offender and those with power to label

Question 7

Key theorists?

Answer 7

Cohen, Becker, Lemert
Young, Katz, Ferrell
Scher, Mead, Sykes and Matza

Question 8

Who was first attributed with the use of the idea of moral panic?

Answer 8

Young

Question 9

Who focuses on understanding 1st act of deviancy?

Answer 9

Lemert

Question 10

When does Lemert say 2nd stage of deviancy occurs?

Answer 10

A person doesn’t change their self-concept until 2nd deviation: a more permanent committing of crime.
This is when their fundamental re-orientation occurs

Question 11

Who says social groups create deviance by making rules?

Answer 11

Becker

Question 12

Becker says what is crucial to explaining criminalisation process?

Answer 12

The impact of social reaction

Question 13

Who are more vulnerable to labels?

Answer 13

Young people acc: Becker

Question 14

Becker says youth should be free from what?

Answer 14

Official intervention

Question 15

What do Sykes and Matza explore?

Answer 15

Why young people further propel into crime

Question 16

Who says all people drift between temporary states of deviancy and non-deviancy?

Answer 16

Sykes and Matza

Question 17

What causes permanency of state of criminality according to Sykes and Matza?

Answer 17

A reaction from society

Question 18

What relationship is Katz interested in?

Answer 18

Between crime and the emotional state of the offender

Question 19

Who suggests that KNOWLEDGE of the labelling process constitutes impetus to engage in crime?

Answer 19

Katz

Question 20

Who talks about cultural crim, saying an increase of routine in life increases want of excitement to alleviate mundanity?

Answer 20

Ferrel

Question 21

Who talked about moral panic and mods and rockers?

Answer 21

Cohen

Question 22

What does Cohen say about cause of crime?

Answer 22

Over dramatisation and demonisation of small offences and groups = social disorder (shift in norms and values between gens) = clash of values and over reporting = further criminalisation

Question 23

Marginalisation is a product of changing social order according to who?

Answer 23

Cohen

Question 24

Who relates to Chicago school?

Answer 24

Mead

Question 25

What does mead say about self?

Answer 25

It is built through social interaction

Question 26

Who talks about symbolic interactionist perspective?

Answer 26

mead

Question 27

What's a key example of labelling theory?

Answer 27

Gangs (gang 49) Jurisdictional response: limit court publicity, finger print restrictions, destruction of crim records at a certain age on proviso of no more offences. State govn: tattoo removal scheme in vic-80's

Question 28

How might labelling play out?

Answer 28

Demonisation of groups for small incidents, creates sets of social and structural responses to further criminalise them. = moral panic (Mods and rockers)

Question 29

What's the process of labelling?

Answer 29

Social groups create rules - which constitute deviance - apply rules to particular ppl - label outsiders.

Question 30

What does labelling say is the cause of deviance?

Answer 30

Deviance is not the quality of the act BUT the consequence of application of others sanctions and responses

Question 31

What is crime acc to labelling?

Answer 31

A social process

Question 32

What does crime involve?

Answer 32

Different perspectives and perceptions of what good and bad behaviour is.

Question 33

Who defines what crime is?

Answer 33

Particular powerful relationships, and it is designated by those who have the power to label others

Question 34

What are the stages of crime?

Answer 34

Primary deviance - the initial act that causes others to label that person as deviant Secondary deviance - stable pattern of criminology causes by labelling

Question 35

Labelling always causes?

Answer 35

Negative effects

Question 36

For labelling to successfully cause crime....

Answer 36

That person must "take on" the label

Question 37

Who is more vulnerable to labels?

Answer 37

The powerless and young

Question 38

What is the deterrence hypothesis?

Answer 38

The label of delinquent youth is form of legal punishment that eaters future delinquency by increasing youths perception of risk

Question 39

What is the stigmatising effect?

Answer 39

The more frequent and prolonged contact with jury system = more likely offender to accept label = continue criminal acts

Question 40

What is the focus of labelling theory?

Answer 40

It concerns the nature of interaction between: offender-victim-crim justice system

Question 41

What's the process of labelling?

Answer 41

Label attached to act - person responds - behaviour altered to conform - reaffirms label- deviance amplification - career of deviant affected

Question 42

What is crime defined by? And by who?

Answer 42

Social action AND reaction | Conferred by those who have power to label