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1. IMMUNOSERO PRELIM > Laboratory > Flashcards

Laboratory Flashcards

1
Q

ensure that reported laboratory results are of the highest quality

A

QUALITY CONTROL

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2
Q

improves accuracy and reliability of testing

A

QUALITY CONTROL

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3
Q

Monitors the accuracy and reproducibility of results through control specimens

A

QUALITY CONTROL

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4
Q

Control specimens: has a known value and is similar in composition to the patient’s blood

A

QUALITY CONTROL

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5
Q

describes how close a test result is to the true value

A

Accuracy

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6
Q

describes how close the test results are to one another when repeated analysis of
the same specimen is performed.

A

Precision

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7
Q

FALSE POSITIVE ERRORS
(HIDE O)

A

Over centrifugation of serum cell mixture
Dirty glassware’s
Hemolyzed patient serum
Inadequate dispersal of centrifuged serum cell mixture
Extended incubation

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8
Q

FALSE NEGATIVE ERRORS
(OOVU)

A

Omitting patient serum from test mixture
* Omitting reagent from test mixture
* Undercentrifugation of serum cell mixture
* Vigorous shaking of centrifuged serum cell mixture

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9
Q

FALSE POSITIVE/FALSE
NEGATIVE ERRORS
(E2I2A)

A
  • Incorrect labelling of test tubes
  • Addition of wrong reagent to test tube
  • Erroneously reading or interpreting results
  • Inaccurately recording results
  • Expired or improperly stored reagents
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10
Q

Most commonly used specimen

A

SERUM

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11
Q

The clear liquid part of the blood that remains after blood cells and clotting proteins have
been removed.

A

SERUM

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12
Q

Contains proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens and hormones.

A

SERUM

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13
Q

SERUM contains

A

proteins, electrolytes, antibodies, antigens and hormones.

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14
Q

Preservation of serum

A

refrigerate at 4-6ºC or freeze

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15
Q

Detection of antigens and antibodies

A

SERUM

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16
Q

provides cells in an optimum concentration to detect
weak antibodies

A

2-5% cell suspension

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17
Q

utilized as indicators of antigen-antibody reactions in
vitro.

A

2-5% RCS

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18
Q

Uses of RCS

A
  • ∞ABO and Rh typing
  • ∞Direct antiglobulin test
  • ∞Donor unit compatibility (crossmatch)
  • ∞Indirect Antiglobulin Test
  • ∞Identification Panel Test Cells
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19
Q

Preferably freshly prepared because washing RBCs with stock saline may yield a pH below or above
the normal range required and may cause inaccurate results

A

NSS

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20
Q

Remove traces of plasma that may contain substances that may interfere with antigen–antibody
reaction

A

Washing of Red Cells

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21
Q

The antigens and antibodies combine specifically with each other.

A

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTION

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22
Q

Form the basis for detection of infectious disease-causing agents.

A

ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTION

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23
Q

THREE STAGES:of ANTIGEN-ANTIBODY
REACTION

A
  • Formation of Ag-Ab complex
  • Visible events (e.g. Precipitation, Agglutination, etc.)
  • Destruction or neutralization of antigen
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24
Q

Ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with only one antigenic determinant.

A

SPECIFICITY

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25
Formed from the integral binding of an antibody to a soluble antigen.
IMMUNE COMPLEX
26
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BINDING BETWEEN ANTIGEN AND ANTIBODY
* Closeness between antigen and antibody * Non-covalent bonds/intermolecular forces * Affinity of antibody * Avidity of antibody * Cross reaction
27
Refers to the strength of a single antibody-antigen interaction. Each IgG antigen binding site typically has high affinity for its target
Affinity
28
the initial force of attraction that exists between a single Fab site on an antibody molecule and a single epitope or determinant site on the corresponding antigen. When the affinity is higher, the assay reaction is more sensitive because more antigen–antibody complexes will be formed and visualized more easily.
Affinity
29
refers to the strength of all interactions combined. IgM typically has low affinity antigen binding sites, but there are ten of them, so avidity is high
Avidity
30
represents the overall strength of antigen–antibody binding and is the sum of the affinities of all the individual antibody–antigen combining sites.
Avidity
31
An antibody may react with 2 different epitopes
Cross Reactivity
32
Antibodies are capable of reacting with antigens resembling the original antigen that induced antibody production. The more the cross-reacting antigen resembles the original antigen, the stronger the bond will be between the antigen and the binding site
Cross Reactivity
33
Number of multivalent sites of antigen and antibody are approximately equal.
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE
34
precipitation declines on either side of the equivalence zone because of an excess of either antigen or antibody.
ZONE OF EQUIVALENCE
35
declines on either side of the equivalence zone because of an excess of either antigen or antibody.
Precipitation
36
Antigen Excess
Postzone
37
Antibody Excess
Prozone
38
only one site on an antibody molecule is used and many free antibody molecules remain in solution.
Prozone
39
every available antibody site is bound to a single antigen and no cross-links are formed
Postzone
40
Visible clumping together of bacteria, cells, or particles, by an antigen combining with its specific antibody.
AGGLUTINATION
41
Clumps =
Agglutinates
42
To detect antibody in patient’s serum, a known antigen suspension is added, vice versa
AGGLUTINATION
43
Can be performed on slides, in tubes, or in microtitration plates.
AGGLUTINATION
44
is the process by which particulate antigens such as cells aggregate to form larger complexes when a specific antibody is present.
AGGLUTINATION
45
* Rapid, easy to perform * Not as sensitive as tube or microtitration techniques.
SLIDE AGGLUTINATION
46
TWO TYPES: of SLIDE AGGLUTINATION
Active Agglutination slide tests Passive Agglutination slide tests
47
Direct agglutination of bacterial antigen with its corresponding antibody
Active Agglutination slide tests
48
Specific antibody or known antigen is attached to inert particles or cells
Passive Agglutination slide tests
49
What slide test? Ex: salmonella, shigella, Vibrio cholerae by using specific antibody
Active Agglutination slide tests
50
What slide test? Latex particles, carbon particles, stabilized staphylococcal cells
Passive Agglutination slide tests
51
Give the Tube agglutination advantages
* Larger volume of fluid * Can be more fully controlled * More sensitive than slide tests * Serum is diluted serially and the antibody level is measured by adding standard antigenic suspension.
52
* Performed in microtitration plates * More sensitive * Easier to perform, give faster results
MICROTITRATION AGGLUTINATION
53
What example of agglutination test? Ex: treponema pallidum hemagglutination, ASO titration technique
MICROTITRATION AGGLUTINATION
54
Used to detect and identify antigens in specimens, extracts, and cultures.
PRECIPITATION
55
Used to quantify antibodies in serum
PRECIPITATION
56
Antigen and antibody are in a soluble form and combine to form a visible precipitate.
PRECIPITATION
57
involves combining soluble antigen with soluble antibody to produce insoluble complexes that are visible.
PRECIPITATION
58
Antibody causing precipitation
Precipitin
59
* Presence of electrolytes is usually required * Liquid or gel
PRECIPITATION
60
A clear solution containing the test antigen is carefully layered on to a clear antiserum in a precipitin tube or capillary tube.
TUBE PRECIPITIN TEST
61
Result a line of visible precipitation antibody and antigen will form between the two layers of fluid.
TUBE PRECIPITIN TEST
62
What test? Ex: testing of CSF for extracellular antigens
TUBE PRECIPITIN TEST
63
used on plates or petri plates on Gel diffusion
Agar gel
64
Both antigen and antibody diffuse freely in the gel system in all directions.
GEL DIFFUSION
65
A zone of equivalence will be formed = visible precipitation
GEL DIFFUSION
66
Red Cell suspension Formula for Concentration
Concentration = PRBC Vol/Total Vol
67
Red Cell suspension Formula for Total Volume
Total Volume = PRBC Vol/Concentration
68
Red Cell suspension Formula for NSS
NSS = Total Vol – PRBC Volume
69
Red Cell suspension Formula for PRBC Volume
PRBC Volume = Total Volume x Desired Concentration
70
Red Cell suspension Formula for (Find PRBC vol and Concentration) Example: Prepare 10 mL of a 5% suspension
PRBC Volume = Concentration (%)/100 x Total Volume 5/100 x 10 = 0.5mL NSS volume = Total Volume – PRBC Volume 10 – 0.5 = 9.5mL
71
Red Cell suspension Formula for (Find concentration) Example: You have 0.6 mL PRBCs in a 12 mL solution.
Concentration = PRBC Vol/Volume of Solution Concentration = 0.6/12 x 100 = 5%
72
Red Cell suspension Formula for (Find total volume and NSS) Example: You have 0.8 mL PRBCs and need a 4% solution.
Total Volume = PRBC Vol/Concentration x 100 0.8/4 x 100 = 20mL NSS Volume 20 – 0.08 = 19.2
73
Red Cell suspension Formula for (Find PRBC volumee and TOtal Volume) Example: You added 18 mL NSS to make a 6% suspension.
Total Volume = NSS Volume/ (1 – concentration) 18/ (1 – 0.066) = 19.15mL PRBC Volume = (Total Volume/100) x Desired Concentration (19.15/100) x 19.15 = 1.15mL

1. IMMUNOSERO PRELIM (6 decks)

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