TOPIC 1 THE IMMUNE SYSTEM Flashcards
(93 cards)
1
Q
Large network of organs, white blood cells, proteins (complement system and antibodies) and chemicals (LYSOZYMES)
A
IMMUNE SYSTEM
2
Q
ROLES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
A
- Defending body against infection
- Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
- Defending the body against the development of tumors
3
Q
FACTORS OF IMMUNE SYSTEM:
A
- Age (decrease)
- Newborn (low)
- Immunocompromised (prone to infection)
4
Q
Processes that occur to defend the body against foreign organisms or molecules.
A
IMMUNITY
5
Q
What are the processes that occur to defend the body againts antigens
A
- Inflammation
- Complement activation
- Phagocytosis
- Antibody synthesis
- Effector T lymphocytes
6
Q
The body’s overall reaction to injury or invasion by an infectious agent
A
Immune response
7
Q
3 Types of Immune Response
A
- VASCULAR RESPONSE
- CELLULAR RESPONSE
- RESOLUTION AND REPAIR
8
Q
STAGES OF INFLAMMATION
A
- Rubor – redness
- Calor – Heat
- Dolor – Pain
- Tumor – Swelling
- Functio Laesa – Loss of function
9
Q
MAJOR EVENTS THAT OCCUR AFTER TISSUE INJURY
A
Vasodilation
Increased permeability
Migration of WBC
Migration of macrophage
Acute Phase Reactants
10
Q
dilation of blood vessels (Increase in blood supply) causes the release of HISTAMINE
A
Vasodilation
11
Q
contraction of endothelial cells allowing fluid in the plasma to leak into the tissues
A
Increase permeability
12
Q
movement of WBC into the injured area
A
Migration of WBC
13
Q
movement of Macrophage to the injured area
A
Migration of Macrophage
14
Q
stimulates Phagocytosis (Example: C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
A
Acute Phase Reactants
15
Q
Types of Immunity
A
Innate Immunity
Adaptive Immunity
16
Q
The first and second line of defense of the body
A
Innate Immunity
17
Q
It Responds non-specifically to certain patterns found on pathogens
No memory response
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
18
Q
Non-specific Resistance and Present at birth and genetically determined and no memory response
A
INNATE IMMUNITY
19
Q
The third line of defense of the body
A
Adaptive Immunity
19
Q
What are the 3 first line of defense
A
Physical barriers
Chemical barriers
Biological barrier
20
Q
What are the physical barriers
A
- Intact or unbroken skin
- Mucus
- Cerumen
- Sebum
21
Q
What are the Chemical barriers
A
- Acidity of stomach
- Lysozyme (present in saliva and tears)
22
Q
What are the biological barrier
A
Normal Flora
23
Q
What are the 3 second line of defense
A
Phagocytosis
Inflammation
Complement system
24
these are groups of protein in the second line of defense
complement system
25
Cell eating
phagocytosis
26
what are the 3 pathways of the complement system
Classical pathway
Alternative pathway
Mannose binding lectin pathway
27
Steps in Phagocytosis
Initiation
Chemotaxis
Adherence
Engulfment
Phagosome formation
Fusion
Digestion and destruction
28
what are the 2 components of the second line of defense
Humoral components
Cellular components
29
initiated as a result of tissue damage
Initiation
30
movement of cells (WBC) process by which cells tend to move in a certain direction
Chemotaxis
31
Receptors of the innate immune system (recognized by PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN (PAMP)
adherence
32
Receptors of the innate immune system recognized by?
PATHOGEN ASSOCIATED MOLECULAR PATTERN (PAMP)
33
iprocess of engulfment for encapsulated bacteria
Opsonization
34
speed up process/ must be present to engulf bacteria
Opsonization
35
either antibody or complement
Opsonization
36
phagocytes engulf foreign matter through PSEUDOPOD FORMATION
Engulfment
37
phagocytes engulf foreign matter through
PSEUDOPOD FORMATION
38
Steps in phagosome formation
Engulfment -> phagocyte -> lysozyme present inside macropahge -> phagocyte and lysozyme combine -> phagosome
39
phagocyte and lysozyme combine to become PHAGOSOME
6Fusion
40
phagocyte and lysozyme combine to become
PHAGOSOME
41
The bacteria break and macrophage release after breaking bacteria
Digestion and Destruction
42
What are the Cellular components
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macropahges
Antigen Presenting Cells
Natural killer cell/Null Lymphocyte
43
What are the Humoral components
Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon
44
Cellular component for hypersensitivity
Mast cells
45
Cellular component that is most efficient phagocyte
Neutrophils
46
Cellular component that is derived from monocytes
Macrophages
47
Cellular component that is dendritic cells (most potent or efficient APC) and macrophage
Antigen presenting cell
48
Cellular component that attacks virally infected cells and tumor cells
Natural killer cell/Null lymphocyte
49
most potent or efficient APC
dendritic cell
macrophage
50
tears and saliva
LYSOZYME
51
natural antibiotics and these are group of cytokines (cytokines are the ones that triggers leukocyte (WBC) movement) discovered in virally infected cultured cells that interfere with replication
INTERFERON
52
Macrophage found in Liver
Kupffer cells
53
Macrophage found in Brain
Microglial cells
54
Macrophage found in Kidney
Mesangial cells
55
Macrophage found in Lungs
Alveolar cells
56
Macrophage found in Bones
Osteoclasts
57
Macrophage found in Spleen
Littoral cells
58
Types of Interferon
Interferon Type 1
Interferon Type 2
59
Type 1 interferon
Interferon Alpha
Interferon Beta
60
Type 2 Interferon
Interferon Gamma
61
Interferon that for viral are infection/inhibit viral infection
Interferon Alpha
Interferon Beta
62
interferon that increases expression of MAJOR HISTOCOMPATIBILITY COMPLEX (MHC)
Interferon Gamma
63
IFN-a
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 1
Leukocyte IFN
Leukocytes
Inhibits viral infection
64
IFN-b
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 1
Epithelial cell IFN
Firoblasts
Inhibits viral infection
65
IFN-Y
Interferon type, name, secreted by, function
Type 2
Immune IFN
Th1, NK cells
Increases expression of MHC Class I and II
66
Types of (adaptive immunity) 3rd line of defense
Passive Immunity
Active Immunity
67
Types of Passive Immunity
Natural Passive
Artificial passive
68
Types of Active Immunity
Natural Active
Artificial Active
69
* Specific or acquired
* Acquired only as a result of prior experience with a foreign substance (you are exposed before you become immune)
* With memory response
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
70
THE ONLY ONE WITH A THIRD LINE OF DEFENSE
ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY
71
the body receives antibody from another person or animal (e.g. vaccination)
PASSIVE Immunity
72
your body produces its own antibodies
Active Immunity
73
this is an immunity as a result of transplacental or maternal transfer of antibodies (e.g. colostrum: milk of your mother which is rich in antibodies)
Natural Passive
74
acquire through injection of immune sera or antitoxin (prophylaxis) (e.g. serum therapy like Hepatitis B Immunoglobulin, Rhogam (administered when mother and baby don’t have the same Rh)
Artificial passive
75
convalescent immunity that occurs when a person recovers from an infection (e.g. chickenpox)
Natural Active
76
acquired by vaccination
Artificial Active
77
2 responses of Adaptive Immunity
Cell Mediated Immunity
Humoral Mediated Immunity
78
T lymphocytes that (originate in the bone marrow but mature in the thymus)
Cell Mediated Immunity
79
B lymphocytes that originate in the bone marrow and develops and mature in the bone marrow
Humoral Mediated Immunity
80
Humoral Mediated Immunity
Mechanism, cell type, mode of action, purpose
Antibody mediated
By lymphocytes
Antibodies in serum
Primary defense againts bacterial infection
81
Cell Mediated Immunity
Mechanism, cell type, mode of action, purpose
Cell mediated
T lymphocytes
Direct cell to cell
Defense against viral and fungal infections
82
Types of vaccines
Live, attenuated vaccines
Inactivated vaccines
Subunit vaccines/conjugate vaccines
Toxoid vaccines
DNA vaccines
Synthetic vaccine
83
Types of vaccine
These are WEAKENED LIVING MICROBES in the laboratory (e.g. MMR vaccines (Measles, mumps, rubella) strong cellular antigenic
Live, attenuated vaccines
84
Types of vaccine
DIASEASE CAUSING MICROBES is killed via chemicals, heat, or radiation (e.g. polio vaccines, rabies vaccine; easily stores, weaker cellular and antigenic response)
Inactivated vaccines
85
Types of vaccine
Include only the ANTIGEN THAT BEST STIMULATES the immune system (e.g. Hepatitis B vaccine, Human papilloma virus vaccine)
Subunit vaccines/conjugate vaccines
86
Types of vaccine
INACTIVATION OF TOXINS by FORMALIN TREATMENT
Toxoid vaccines
87
Types of vaccine
EXTRACTED DNA of BACTERIA (not common)
DNA vaccines
88
Types of vaccine
from GENETICALLY ENGINEERED YEAST CELLS (not common)
Synthetic vaccine
89
Innate Immunity
Presence at birth, specificity, diversity, memory, physical barriers, humoral factors, cells, key features in pathogen recognition
Present
for structure shraed by groups of microbes
Limited
No
Epitheliall tigh junctions, mucus
Lysozymes, complement, Acute phase reactants, interferons
Neutrophils, Basophils, Eosinophils, Mast cells, NK cells, Monocytes, macrophages
Toll-like receptors
90
recognition receptors that recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS)
TOLL-LIKE RECEPTORS
91
Adapative Immunity
Presence at birth, specificity, diversity, memory, physical barriers, humoral factors, cells, key features in pathogen recognition
Not present
For specific antigens of microbial and non microbial agents
High
Yes
-
Immunoglobulins
Lymphocytes excepts NK cells
Memory Cells
92
Activated B and T cells, subsequent exposure to a previously encountered antigen results to a stronger, quicker immune response
Memory Cells
