LABORATORY SAFETY, INSTRUMENTATION AND QUALITY MANAGEMENT IN HISTOPATHOLOGIC LABORATORY

Question 1

art of analyzing and interpreting the shapes, sizes, and architectural patterns of cells and tissues within a given specific clinical background.

Answer 1

HISTOPATHOLOGY

Question 2

3 activities in histopathology

Answer 2

pre-analytical, analytical and post-analytical phase

Question 3

includes the sample collection, transport, labeling of specimens, tissue processing, and submission of slides for reporting.

Answer 3

Pre-analytical Phase

Question 4

True or False. Any error encountered during pre-analytical
phase can endangered the quality of end
result.

Answer 4

True

Question 5

is more focus on slide reading and
preparation of report.

Answer 5

Analytical Phase

Question 6

is the after preparation of
report. It includes the delivery of test results,
archiving of reports, storing documents and reported specimens, and also the safe disposal.

Answer 6

Post-analytical phase

Question 7

the process of ensuring and maintaining personal as
well as environmental health and safety in the
laboratory.

Answer 7

RISK MANAGEMENT

Question 8

Most hazards encountered fall into what three main categories:

Answer 8

chemical, physical or biological

Question 9

Cleaning agents and disinfectants, drugs, anesthetic
gases.

Answer 9

Chemical hazards

Question 10

applies to the laboratory use of
chemicals and mandates written in the Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs) that address the particular hazards and precautions required for safe
use.

Answer 10

lab standard

Question 11

Every chemical should be labeled with certain basic information, including

Answer 11

Chemical name and, if a mixture, names of all
ingredients;
● Manufacturer’s name and address if purchased
commercially, or name of
● person making the reagent;
● Date purchased or made;
● Expiration date, if known;
● Hazard warnings and safety procedures

Question 12

are chemicals that cause reversible
inflammatory effects at the site of contact with living
tissue, especially the skin, eyes and respiratory
passages

Answer 12

Irritants

Question 13

chemicals cause destruction or
irreversible alterations when exposed to living tissue,
or destroy certain inanimate surfaces. A chemical
may be corrosive to tissue but not to steel, or
viceversa. Few are corrosive to both.

Answer 13

Corrosive

Question 14

cause allergic reactions in some
exposed workers, not just in hypersensitive
individuals. Sensitization may occur at work because
of the high exposure level.

Answer 14

Sensitizers

Question 15

are substances that induce tumors,
not only in experimental animals but also in humans

Answer 15

Carcinogens

Question 16

Examples of carcinogenic chemicals

Answer 16

chloroform, chromic acid, formaldehyde, nickel chloride and potassium dichromate

Question 17

Carcinogenic dyes

Answer 17

auramine, basic fuchsin, and any dye
derived from benzidine

Question 18

are capable of causing death by
ingestion, skin contact or inhalation at certain
specified concentrations.

Answer 18

Toxic materials

Question 19

Examples of toxic material

Answer 19

methanol, chromic acid, osmium tetroxide and uranyl nitrate

Question 20

The most obvious physical hazards

Answer 20

slips and falls

Question 21

The most obvious physical hazards

Answer 21

slips and falls

Question 22

Include infectious agents and their toxins as well as
contaminated solutions, specimens or objects

Answer 22

Biological Hazard

Question 23

are one of the most important health
hazards, yet they are frequently overlooked.

Answer 23

Allergens

Question 24

one piece of equipment that is used by both the pathologist and the histotechnologist.

Answer 24

Microscope

Question 25

examines the slide under the microscope to identify a disease process or an abnormality that will directly affect the patient's treatment.

Answer 25

pathologist

Question 26

examines the same slide microscopically for quality control to determine whether all technical processes are done properly and if a slide of diagnostic quality has been achieved.

Answer 26

histotechnologist

Question 27

enlargement of image

Answer 27

Magnification

Question 28

shortest distance between two points that can still be distinguish as separate.

Answer 28

Resolution

Question 29

ability of microscope to distinguish small objects that are close together.

Answer 29

Resolving Power

Question 30

a microscope with more than one lens and its own light source.

Answer 30

compound light microscope

Question 31

Compound microscope is also known as

Answer 31

bright field microscope

Question 32

comes from below and contrast in the sample is caused by absorbance of some of the transmitted light in dense areas of the sample

Answer 32

Illumination

Question 33

is the simplest and most popular of all techniques used for illumination of samples in light microscopes.

Answer 33

Bright-field microscopy

Question 34

provides support for the microscope. The base should be large and solid enough to allow the microscope to stand by itself.

Answer 34

Base

Question 35

supports and holds the magnifying and adjustment system. It can be used as a handle for carrying the microscope.

Answer 35

Arm

Question 36

Is the flat platform where the slide is placed for examination

Answer 36

Stage

Question 37

is located directly under the stage and holds the condenser and diaphragm.

Answer 37

Substage

Question 38

permits movement of the stage while holding the slide in the phase of focus.

Answer 38

Mechanical Stage

Question 39

only use one eyepiece when viewing the specimen

Answer 39

Monocular Heads

Question 40

have two eyepieces and are more convenient and comfortable to use. It is the most common choice.

Answer 40

Binocular Heads

Question 41

have a third eyepiece tube that can be used by another person simultaneously or by an LCD camera. The trinocular option is more expensive than the other two types

Answer 41

Trinocular Heads

Question 42

used with low and medium objective especially the achromatic. It is also the simplest eyepiece with 5x-40x magnification.

Answer 42

Huygenian

Question 43

refracts light with little spectral color separation.

Answer 43

Achromatic Lenses

Question 44

reduces chromatic aberrations more.

Answer 44

Ramsden

Question 45

produce to make structure clearer in terms of chromation. More highly lenses for objectives.

Answer 45

Compensating

Question 46

is located at the end of the body tube for holding the objectives.

Answer 46

nosepiece

Question 47

consist of a system of lenses located at the end of the body tube that is held in place by the nosepiece and is closer to the slide under examination.

Answer 47

objectives

Question 48

True or False. The purpose of the objective is to increase or decrease magnification. The objectives are mounted on a revolving turret allowing for the change of objectives.

Answer 48

True

Question 49

is the process that increases the size of the structure under examination. It is achieved by the use of the microscope's lens system.

Answer 49

magnification

Question 50

total magnification of a microscope is the

Answer 50

product of the magnifying power of the objective and eyepiece

Question 51

what is the normal tube length

Answer 51

160mm

Question 52

is the distance between outer lens of objective and the cover glass of the slide under examination.

Answer 52

focal length

Question 53

_________ is derived from the fact that the specimen is dark and contrasted by the surrounding bright viewing field.

Answer 53

bright field

Question 54

usually contains an aperture diaphragm to control and focus light on the specimen; light passes through the specimen and then is collected by an objective lens situated in a turret above the stage.

Answer 54

condenser

Question 55

magnifies the light and transmits it to an oracular lens or eyepiece and into the user’s eyes.

Answer 55

objective

Question 56

technique used to observe unstained and transparent samples causing them to be clearly visible and appear brightly lit against a dark, almost purely black background.

Answer 56

Dark Field Illumination/dark ground microscopy

Question 57

Dark ground microscopy is useful in demonstrating

Answer 57

treponema pallidum, Leptospira, Campylobacter jejuni, Endospore

Question 58

type of light microscopy that enhances contrasts of transparent and colorless objects by influencing the optical path of light

Answer 58

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Question 59

makes it possible to study the cell cycle in live cells. It reveals many cellular structures that are not visible with a simpler bright field microscope and makes it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division

Answer 59

Phase Contrast Microscopy

Question 60

contrast-enhancing technique that improves the quality of the image obtained with birefringent materials

Answer 60

Polarized Microscopy

Question 61

situated below the specimen stage usually fixed in the left-to-right, East-West direction, although this is usually rotatable through 360 degrees

Answer 61

polarizer

Question 62

usually aligned North-South but again rotatable on some microscopes, is located above the objectives and can be moved in and out of the light path as required.

Answer 62

analyzer

Question 63

2 essential components of polarized microscopy

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polarizer and analyzer

Question 64

refers to any microscope that uses fluorescence to generate an image.

Answer 64

fluorescence microscopy

Question 65

stains used in fluorescence microscopy

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auramine rhodamine and acridine orange R

Question 66

color of auramine rhodamine

Answer 66

yellow

Question 67

color of acridine orange R in DNA

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yellow green

Question 68

color of acridine orange R in RNA

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orange red

Question 69

uses a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale.

Answer 69

Electron Microscopes

Question 70

a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

Answer 70

Electron Microscopes

Question 71

wavelength of an electron can be up to ______________ shorter than electron microscope has a higher resolving power than a light microscope

Answer 71

100,000 times

Question 72

the examination in electron microscope can yield info about

Answer 72

morphology and composition

Question 73

creates images of the sample’s internal structure and more harmful because of higher electron energy

Answer 73

Transmission Electron Microscopes

Question 74

utilizes a fine beam focus electron to generally scan surface of sample

Answer 74

Scanning Electron Microscope

Question 75

degree to which healthcare services strive to provide accurate desired outcomes for patients and are consistent with current professional knowledge

Answer 75

quality

Question 76

freedom from accidental injury

Answer 76

Safety

Question 77

system of routine technical activities

Answer 77

quality control

Question 78

planned system of review procedures conducted by personnel not directly involved in the laboratory process

Answer 78

Quality Assurance

Question 79

UK NEQAS

Answer 79

United Kingdom National External Quality Assessment Service

Question 80

CAP

Answer 80

College of American Pathologists

Question 81

two distinct systems of quality assurance

Answer 81

selective and distributive system

Question 82

stained preparations from departmental archival records are used to assess the quality of staining.

Answer 82

selective system

Question 83

participating laboratories are asked to stain sections that have been submitted by the scheme organizer

Answer 83

distributive system

Question 84

goal of continuing quality imporvement

Answer 84

Improved potential care and safety

Question 85

system is used to approach, evaluate and identify opportunities to improve quality before problems occur through evaluation of all systems/processes in the laboratory

Answer 85

CONTINUING QUALITY IMPROVEMENT