Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Clinical Science > Labs > Flashcards

Labs Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

CBC

A

Complete blood count; helps in evaluating symptoms, diagnosing and determining the stages of a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

If abnormal CBC, should obtain?

A

Peripheral blood smear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CBC specifics

A

Total WBC, WBC differential, RBC, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, platelet count, red cell indices

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Normal WBC

A

4500-11000 cells/mm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Normal RBC

A

4300000-6000000 cells/mm^3 for males and 3500000-5500000 cells/mm^3 for females

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Normal hemoglobin

A

13.6-17.5 g/dL for males and 12.0-15.5 g/dL for female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Normal hematocrit

A

39-49% for male, 35-45% for female

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Normal Platelet

A

150000-450000 cells/mm^3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Red blood cells

A

Most abundant cell in blood, tissue oxygenation, limited lifespan, contain up to 300 hemoglobin molecules, develop in bone marrow and under erythropoietin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

RBC levels increased/decreased

A

increased in dehydration, secondary polycythemia, with increase wbc; decrease in anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Oxygen-carrying protein, reason for red color, two pairs of polypeptide chain and 4 complexes of heme; panic if below 7-8 g/dL; hypertriglyceridemia and increased WBC cause false positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hgb levels increased/decreased

A

increased in hemoconcentration, polycythemia, extreme exercise; decrease in macrolytic anemia, normocytic anemia, microcytic anemia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

HCT

A

percentage of whole blood volume composed of erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

HCT levels increased/decreased

A

Increased in Hemoconcentration, polycythemia, exercise; decreased in all anemias, same as Hgb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mean corpuscular volume

A

Average volume of red cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MCV levels increased/decreased

A

Increased in liver disease, alcohol abuse, HIV, hemochromatosis, megaloblastic anemia, reticulocytosis, newborns, drugs; decrease in iron deficiency, thalassemia, sideroblastic anemia, hereditary spherocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin

A

Indicates amount of hemoglobin per RBC in absolute units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MCH levels increased/decreased

A

Increased in macrocytosis, hemochromatosis; decreased in microcytosis, hypochromia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration

A

Average hemoglobin concentration in RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MCHC increased/decreased

A

Increased marked spherocytosis; decreased in hypochomic anemia, sideroblastic anemia, high WBC, low Hb or high MCV or RBC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

RDW

A

Red blood cell distribution width; measures the degree of anisocytosis (variation in RBC size); determined with an automated counter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

RDW increased/decreased

A

Increased in anemia, liver diseases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

WBC

A

Leukocytes, defend the body against infection, act primarily in the tissue, classified by structure and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

WBC increased/decreased

A

Increased infection, inflammation, leukemias, corticosteroids, stress, smoking, allergies; Decreased infections, myelosuppression, autoimmune neutropenia, alcoholism, hypersplenism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Granulocytes
Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, capable of ameboid movement
26
Neutrophils
Best understood, 55% total leukocyte count, early inflammation,die within 1-2 days
27
Neutrophils increase/decrease
Increase infection (bacterial or early viral), stress, inflammation; decrease aplastic anemia, chemotherapy, B12 deficiency
28
Eosinophils
Large coarse granules, 2-4% total count, ingests antigen-antibody complexes, induced by IgE by parasites
29
Eosinophils increase/decrease
Increase allergic states, drug rxn, parasitic invasion, skin disorders; decrease acute inflammation, stress, drugs
30
Basophils
Less than 1% total count, similar to mast cells, contain histamine and heparin
31
Basophil increase/decrease
Increased in hypersensitivity rxns*, drugs, myeloproliferative disorders
32
Agranulocytes
Monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes; contain fewer granules than granulocytes
33
Monocytes/macrophages
Monocytes are immature macrophages, participate in inflammatory response, formed and released by bone marrow
34
Monocytes increase/decrease
Increased in inflammation, infection, malignancy, tuberculosis; decrease in BACTERIAL infection
35
Lymphocyte
20-40% total count, primary immune cell, reside as T, B or plasma cells
36
Lymphocyte increase/decrease
Increase viral infection*, ALL and CLL, drug, allergy, autoimmune; decrease in immune deficiency syndromes
37
Peripheral Blood Smear
Provide important info about defects in RBC production. also reveals variations in cell size and shape
38
Platelets
Thromocytes, not true cells, but cytoplasmic fragments, lack nucleus/DNA, 1/3 reserved and stored in spleen; important for normal hemostasis
39
Thrombopoietin
Main regulator of circulating platelet mass, produced by liver
40
Platelet increase/decrease
Increase in acute blood loss, post-splenectomy, tissue injury, infection; decrease in drugs, alcohol, infection (HIV*), platelet antibodies (idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura)
41
Platelet levels importance
Detrimental in pts with bleeding disorder; not an issue until below 20,000/mcL; no surgery unless above 50,000/mcL
42
Blood clot
Fibrin strands that stabilize the platelet plug and traps other cells such as erythrocytes, phagocytes, and microorganisms
43
What initiates the coagulation system?
Tissue Factor
44
Cascade of clot
Burst of thrombin generation, converts fibrinogen to fibrin, reinforces platelet aggregate and anchors in to the vessel wall; thrombin also amplifies platelet activation and aggregation
45
Prothrombin time and INR (international normalized ratio)
Evaluates the extrinsic and common coagulation pathways
46
Prothrombin time importance
Most sensitive to deficiencies in the vitamin K dependent clotting factors (II,VII, and X); and less sensitive to fibrinogen deficiency and heparin; most common used test for monitoring warfarin therapy
47
Warfarin therapeutic range is?
INR 2.0-3.0
48
Partial thromboplastin time
evaluates the intrinsic and common coagulation pathways and adequacy of all coagulation factors except XIII and VII; commonly used to monitor heparin therapy
49
Hemophilia A
congenital deficiency of coagulation factor VIII
50
Hemophilia B
congenital deficiency of coagulation factor IX, Christmas disease
51
Mode of inheritance for Hemophilia
X-linked recessive
52
von Willebrand Disease
Most common inherited bleeding disorder, caused by missing of defective vWF, 1% of pop., autosomal dominant
53
von Willebrand factor
aggregates platelets and prolongs half-life of factor VIII
54
Iron Profile
Total iron, TIBC (total iron binding capacity), transferrin, % iron saturation
55
Iron
67% total body iron is bound by heme and muscle cells, 30% is stored in macrophages and hepatic parenchymal cells as ferritin or hemosiderin, remaining 3% lost daily in urin, sweat, bile, and cell shedding
56
Important question when getting profile
Does profile include ferratin
57
Iron increased/decreased
Increase: hemolytic anemia, thalassemia, hemochromatosis; decrease: iron deficiency
58
Transferrin
Major plasma transport protein for iron
59
TIBC
Total iron capacity; calculated from tranferrin levels measured immunologically, each mole has two-binding site
60
TIBC increase/decrease
Increase: iron deficiency anemia; decrease: hemochromatosis, thalassemia
61
Ferritin
body's major iron storage protein, correlate with total body iron stores, used to detect iron deficiency and to monitor response to iron therapy; more sensitive than iron and IBC in absence of liver disease
62
Ferritin increase/decrease
increase: iron overload, acute or chronic liver disease; decrease: iron deficiency
63
Ferritin importance
Liver disease increases serum ferritin and may mask diagnosis of iron deficiency
64
Lead
Child screening occurs at 12 months and 4-6 years of age; cognition may be impaired by modest elevations of blood lead concentrations
65
Vitamin B12
All comes from ingestion of foods of animal origin
66
Vitamin B12 increase/decrease
Decrease: pernicious anemia; intermediate levels should be followed by the serum methylmalonic acid test
67
Folate
Vitamin necessary for methyl group transfer in thymidine formation (DNA synthesis); deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia
68
Folate decrease
Vit B 12 deficiency (50-60%) since cellular uptake of folate depends on Vit B12
69
Partietal cell antibodies
Antibodies to parietal cells have been detected in 90% of pts with pernicious anemia
70
Methylmelanic Acid
Serum MMA is used to indirectly evaluate vit B12 status, confirms deficiency in pts
71
Methylmelanic Acid increased in
Vit B12 deficiency
72
Chronic Myeloid leukemia
elevated WBC, fatigue, night sweats, low-grade fever
73
Acute leukemias
ALL comprise 80% of the acute leukemias, between 3-7 yo, AML primarily an adult disease with median age at presentation of 60 years
74
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
older pts, isolated lymphocytosis
75
IgM
First produced in primary immune response
76
IgG
highest response in secondary immune response, crosses placenta
77
IgA
found in mucous membranes
78
IgE
associated mainly with allergic reaction
79
B cell
hemoral or antibody driven adaptive immunity
80
T cell
cell mediated immunity
81
NK cell
part of innate immune respnse
82
Serum Protein electrophosesis
Method of separating proteins based on their physical properties, placed on specific medium and charge is applied; albumin and globulins
83
Indications for SPE
paripheral neuropathy, multiple myeloma, hypercalcemia, rouleaux formations, lytic lesion, Bence Jones proteinuria

Clinical Science (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions