Nutrition

Question 1

3 types nutrients

Answer 1

Micronutrients, Macronutrients, protective nutrients

Question 2

Macronutrients

Answer 2

Needed in large amounts, fats, carbs, proteins, some minerals

Question 3

Micronutrients

Answer 3

Needed in smaller amounts, vitamins, minerals

Question 4

Protective nutrients

Answer 4

Added to promote health; antioxidants, fiber

Question 5

Carbs energy in food

Answer 5

4 kcal/gram

Question 6

Protein energy in food

Answer 6

4 kcal/gram

Question 7

Fat energy in food

Answer 7

9 kcal/gram

Question 8

Alcohol energy in food

Answer 8

7 kcal/gram

Question 9

Carbs

Answer 9

C, H, O; sugar and starches; perform functions for RNA and DNA; regulate lifespan of proteins; quick source of energy

Question 10

Importance of glucose

Answer 10

It is the only energy source for red blood cells and the preferred energy source for the brain, CNS, placenta and fetus

Question 11

Maltose, Lactose, sucrose

Answer 11

glucose, glucose; glucose, galactose; glucose, fructose

Question 12

Fiber

Answer 12

Mostly glucose; bonded differently than starches; not absorbed by small intestine

Question 13

Carb Metabolism pathways

Answer 13

Immediate source of energy, pentophophate pathway, glycogen synthesis, precursor for triacylglycerol synthesis

Question 14

Glycolysis

Answer 14

Glucose, two pyruvates, lactate or acetyl CoA, ATP

Question 15

Krebs Cycle

Answer 15

Occurs in mito, dependent on oxygen, uses pyruvate, requires B vitamins, generates 90% of energy form food

Question 16

Carbohydrate regulation hormones

Answer 16

Epinephrine, glucagon, insulin

Question 17

3 categories of amino acids

Answer 17

essential, not made by body, lysine, leucine, isoleucine; non-essential; made by body, alanine, asparagine, aspartic acid; conditional, essential in time of illness, arginine, glutamine, glycine

Question 18

Protein digestion

Answer 18

Stomach (pepsinogen to pepsin), GI enzymes, aa absorbed in jejunum, oxidative deamination, produces ammonium ions, urea excreted by kidneys

Question 19

Protein metabolism

Answer 19

If aa in excess, stored in glycogen or fat for energy metabolism, or converted to acetyl CoA which enters Krebs; in blood, filtered by glomerular membranes

Question 20

Final products of protein metabolism

Answer 20

CO2, H2O, ATP, urea, ammonium

Question 21

Fats

Answer 21

Supply enery, essential fatty acids, carrier for fat-soluble vitamins, source of antioxidants, building block of membranes, key role in biological functions

Question 22

Polyunsaturated Fats

Answer 22

N-6 PUFAs, Linoleic acid, lack of lead to rouch, scaly skin; vegetable oils, corn oil

Question 23

Fats chemistry

Answer 23

mostly carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and other, found in TAG, phospholipid, sterols

Question 24

Chylomicrons

Answer 24

Microscopic lipid particles make up TAG

Question 25

Triglyceride

Answer 25

Muscles prefer over brain, energy, insulates and protects

Question 26

Lipid metabolism

Answer 26

Lipolysis (mitos), beta-oxidation (mitos), ketosis (prolonged starvation), lipogenesis (occurs in cystosol)