Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Year 4 > Lachmans Abdomen > Flashcards

Lachmans Abdomen Flashcards

(76 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What characteristics distinguish an indirect inguinal hernia from a direct inguinal hernia?

A

Indirect inguinal hernia passes through the deep inguinal ring, lateral to the inferior epigastric artery, covered by all three layers of the spermatic fascia after it exits from the superfi cial ring

Direct inguinal hernia does not But passes through the inguinal (Hesselbach’s) triangle, Medial to epigastric Artery, Covered by external spermatic fascia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Both types of inguinal hernias emerge through the

A

superficial inguinal ring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the cremaster muscle? What does it do, and where does it come from?

A

The cremaster muscle is an evagination of the internal oblique muscle which becomes part of the covering of the spermatic cord. Contraction of the cremaster muscle causes elevation of the spermatic cord and the testis, pulling them closer to the body cavity. the function of the cremaster is to regulate the temperature of the testis by pulling it closer to the body cavity when in a cold environment and lowering if farther from the body cavity when in a warm environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What makes up the Cremaster muscle?

A

Internal oblique and spermatic cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is a strangulated hernia?

A

Hernia where the blood supply to the herniated viscus becomes impaired or occluded, compromising the organ.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

If a strangulated hernia is left untreated?

A

This leads to necrosis of the organ.

A strangulated hernia is a surgical emergency.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the processus vaginalis?

A

An evagination of the parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall that descends through the inguinal canal into the scrotum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the processus vaginalis, and how is it related to indirect inguinal hernia?

A

the processus vaginalis is an evagination of the parietal peritoneum of the anterior abdominal wall that descends through the inguinal canal into the scrotum. the processus vaginalis forms during fetal life and descends through the canal before the testis descends. Normally, the proximal part of the processus vaginalis fuses and degenerates, leaving the distal part covering the testis in the scrotum. h is distal remnant is called the tunica vaginalis. If the proximal part of the processus does not fuse and degenerate, it leaves an open pathway between the peritoneal cavity and the scrotum, predisposing the individual for indirect inguinal hernia. (230–231)the

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What landmark is used to identify the cystic artery when per- forming a cholecystectomy?

A

Cystic artery is found in the cystohepatic triangle (of Calot). this triangle is formed by the cystic duct, the hepatic ducts, and the border of the liver. the cystic artery is most commonly a branch of the right hepatic artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the anatomical basis for the fact that pain from an infl amed gall bladder sometimes is referred to the right neck and shoulder region?

A

Inflamed gall bladder can be in contact with/ cause inflammation of, the undersurface of the diaphragm.

Diaphragm - receives sensory innervation from the right phrenic nerve.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Because the phrenic nerve arises from spinal nerve levels C3, C4, and C5, pain can be referred to?

A

Neck and shoulder region

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the coronary ligament of the liver?

A

reflection of peritoneum from the visceral peritoneum of the liver to the parietal peritoneum on the diaphragm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the portal triad, and where is it located?

A

Common bile duct, proper hepatic artery, portal vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

The portal triad run together in … the right edge of ____

A

hepatoduodenal ligament, Lesser Omentum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the arrangment of the Common Bile, Proper Hep, and Portal V?

A

Common bile duct is anterior and to the right
Proper hepatic artery anterior and to the left
Portal vein is posterior to the other two structures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In which part of the digestive system do bile and pancreatic enzymes mix with food?

A

Bile and pancreatic secretions enter the digestive tract in the second part of the duodenum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The minor pancreatic duct opens independently ____ Proximal to the___. Food enters the duodenum from the stomach when the pyloric sphincter opens to allow the passage of food

A

Independently into the second part of the duodenum,

proximal to the ampulla.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Food enters the duodenum from the stomach when ???

A

Pyloric sphincter opens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the greater omentum, and from what embryonic structure is it derived?

A

Derived from the dorsal mesogastrium (In embryo)

Omentum becomes elongated during the rotation of
the foregut.

Greater omentum is attached to the greater curvature of the stomach, the original dorsal side of the embryonic stomach. The very elongated greater omentum folds upon itself and is draped in front of many of the other abdominal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lesser omentum, and what are its two parts?

A

derived from the ventral mesentery of the embry

Hepatogastric and HepatoDuodnal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

The hepatoduodenal ligament is quite thick and contains the ____ along with its associated nerve plexus and connective tissue (What is this made of?)

A

Portal Triad

  • Common bile duct, proper hepatic artery, portal vein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

Point at which the duodenum ends and the jejunum begins.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What happens at the duodenojejunal flexure?

A

duodenum emerges from its retroperitoneal position and gains a mesentery to become the jejunum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The duodenojejunal junction is attached to the right crus of the diaphragm by ??

A

The suspensory ligament of Treitz

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the four parts of the duodenum?
1) L1 vertebra and begins at the pylorus (Horozontal) 2) Right of the midline and connects the fi rst to the third part (Vertical) 3) L3 (Horozontal) 4) Left of the midline and ascends from the third part to the level of the L2 vertebra, where it becomes the jejunum (Vertical)
26
What is the relationship of the superior mesenteric artery to the pancreas?
Superior mesenteric artery arises from the abdominal aorta at the level of the L1 vertebra Descends behind the pancreas --> inferior border --> then passes anterior to the uncinate process of the pancreas --> artery then continues to descend along the root of the mesentery --> sending its intestinal branches into the mesentery to reach the jejunum and ileum.
27
What is the source of the blood supply of the duodenum?
Celiac trunk and the superior mesenteric artery.
28
The superior and inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries enter the pancreas??
From above and below, respectively, and send branches through the head of the pancreas to reach the duodenum, which surrounds the head of the pancreas.
29
The superior pancreaticoduodenal artery is a branch of the ?
Gastroduodenal artery, which arises from the common hepatic artery
30
What two structures pass between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta and are subject to compression? .
Structures that pass through the acute angle between the superior mesenteric artery and the abdominal aorta are... the third part of the duodenum and the left renal vein
31
What is omphalocele?
Developmental defect in which abdominal organs are found outside of the abdominal cavity and within the umbilical cord
32
With omphalocele the organs are within the ?? and Covered by ?
Within umbilical cord, which is covered by the amniotic membrane
33
With omphalocele the organs are within the Umbilical cord.. It is coverd by? and ARE NOT IN CONTACT WITH??
within the umbilical cord Covered by the amniotic membrane Are not within the amniotic cavity and are not in contact with amniotic fluid
34
What is gastroschisis?
developmental defect in which abdominal organs are found outside of the abdominal cavity and outside the umbilical cord.
35
Where are the organs found in the gastroschisiare case?
free within the amniotic cavity and are in contact with amniotic fluid.
36
What condition is marked by a defect usually to the right of the umbilical ring?
Gastroschisis
37
What condition is marked by a defect usually at the umbilical Ring?
Omphalocele
38
What is α -fetoprotein?
Glycoprotein that is synthesized in the fetal liver
39
What is the gycoprotein that is synthesized in the fetal liver... and what can be detected if its present?
α -fetoprotein body wall defect with an absence of an integumentary covering (Protein in Ambiotic fluid and Maternal blood strea)
40
An elevated level of α-fetoprotein in the maternal serum is indicative of a defect such as ??
Neural tube defect, omphalocele, or gastroschisis
41
What is the intestinal loop, and where/ when does it form?
A loop of the midgut that forms at about the sixth week of development
42
The intestinal loop enters the?? and remains there until about the ____
Umbilical cord Remains until: eleventh or twelfth week of gestation
43
If the intestinal loop fails to return to the abdominal cavity.. what happens?
Omphalocele
44
Why is the initial pain from an inflamed appendix felt in the region around the umbilicus?
periumbilical pain is the referred pain
45
The sensory fibers from the appendix travel with the.. Cord levels??
T9-12
46
What type of innervation is the appendix? and where is the pain perceived?
Because the appendix is bilaterally innervated, the pain is perceived in the midline on the dermatomes from T9-11
47
Why does pain from an inflamed appendix subsequently migrate to the right lower quadrant?
When the inflammation from the appendix spreads to the overlying parietal peritoneum, the sensory nerve fibers that innervate the body wall in this region carry the pain impulses. The pain is then perceived as coming from the inflamed region of the body wall peritoneum in the right lower quadrant
48
What are taenia coli?
Taenia coli are three longitudinal strips of smooth muscle found on the wall of the colon.
49
In the small intestine, the outer longitudinal layer of smooth muscle is a ??
complete circumferential layer
50
In the colon longitudinal muscle is limited to three longitudinal strips called ??
Taenia coli
51
The three taenia coli that are found on the ??
Ascending colon and caecum
52
Why is following any of the taenia benificial to locate the base of the appendix.
The taenia coli Converge at the base of the appendix to form a continuous longitudinal layer on the appendix.
53
What is the source of the blood supply to the appendix?
Appendicular artery (ileocolic artery --> superior mesenteric artery)
54
The appendicular artery reaches the appendix by passing through the ?
Mesoappendix
55
What are the three locations in the ureter at which a calculus is most likely to become impacted?
Ureteropelvic junction Ureter crosses the pelvic brim to pass from the abdomen into the pelvis Ureterovesical junction
56
____ is the most common site for impaction of a ureteral stone... Because it is the smallest diameter..
Ureterovesical junction
57
What is the pathway of the urine after it leaves the distal end of the nephron?
Urine leaves the nephron--> Collecting tubule--> minor calyces--> major calyces--> major calyces converge to form the renal pelvis--> ureter--> urinary bladder--> Utrethra
58
What is the anatomical basis for the prevention of reflux of urine from the bladder into the ureter?
Ureter has an oblique course through the bladder wall. (Because of this oblique course) when the muscle of the bladder wall (detrusor muscle) contracts during micturition, it compresses the intramural portion of the ureter. This prevents the urine in the bladder from passing retrograde into the ureter. Failure of this mechanism results in vesicoureteral reflux.
59
When the detrusor muscle contracts during micturition, it compresses the ____ This prevents the urine in the bladder from passing retrograde into the ureter.
intramural portion of the ureter
60
Failure of the detrusor muscle contracting compressing the intramural portion of the ureter would result in?
Vesicoureteral reflux.
61
What is the source of the blood supply to the ureter?
Upper- Renal A Gonadal, Abdominal A, Common Iliac
62
In the pelvis, the blood supply of the ureter comes from ??
Branches of the internal iliac artery.
63
What is the neural pathway for sensory innervation of the ureter that is responsible for carrying pain sensation?
Sensory nerve fibers that carry pain sensation from the ureter travel in parallel with the sympathetic innervation to the bladder. Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers involved in the innervation of the ureter arise from spinal cord levels T10 through L2, the pain sensory fibers enter the spinal cord through the dorsal roots of the T10 through L2 spinal nerves, and their cell bodies are in the corresponding dorsal root ganglia
64
Preganglionic sympathetic nerve fibers involved in the innervation of the ureter arise from ? The pain sensory fibers enter the spinal cord through The__
T10- L2 Dorsal roots of the T10-L2 spinal nerves
65
What is the marginal artery (of Drummond)?
Anastomosing branches from the superior and inferior mesenteric arteries
66
From the superior mesenteric artery, the _________contribute to the marginal artery.
leocolic, right colic, middle colic artery
67
From the inferior mesenteric artery, the ______ contribute to the marginal artery.
left colic and sigmoidal arteries
68
Each of the contributing arteries (to Marginal A) divides into ______ as it approaches the colon. The distal branch of one artery anastomoses with the proximal branch of the next artery.
Proximal and distal branches as it approaches the colon.
69
Which parts of the colon have mesenteries, and which parts are retroperitoneal?
Transverse colon, sigmoid colon, and appendix have mesenteries Ascending colon, descending colon, and rectum are retroperitoneal
70
Does the caecum have mesenteries, or is it retroperitoneal?
Variable. It may have a short mesentery, it may be retroperitoneal, or it may be partially peritoneal and partially retroperitoneal.
71
Which abdominopelvic organs drain into the inferior vena cava, and which drain into the portal vein?
All primarily retroperitoneal organs drain into the inferior vena cava. All of the secondarily retroperitoneal organs and the peritoneal organs drain into the portal vein.
72
How does the blood in the portal venous system reach the heart?
blood in the portal system enters the liver at the porta hepatis--> passes through the sinusoids of the liver --> to central veins of the liver--> hepatic veins ----> inferior vena cava--> right atrium of the heart
73
What veins drain the rectum?
superior, middle, and inferior rectal veins
74
The superior rectal vein is the terminal branch of the___ The middle and inferior rectal veins are branchges of the___ Inferior rectal vein is a branch of the ____
Superior rectal --> inferior mesenteric Middle --> internal iliac vein, Inferior rectal vein --> internal pudendal vein, --> internal iliac vei
75
The middle and inferior rectal veins are part of the ___ ____system.
Caval Venous
76
What veins drain the esophagus?
Lower portion of the esophagus is drained by esophageal branches of the left gastric vein, Thoracic portion of the esophagus drains into the esophageal braches of the azygos vein. (azygos vein drains into the superior vena cava.)

Year 4 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions