Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Back/Thorax) (Part 3) Flashcards
(32 cards)
What major heart developments occur during weeks 5–6 of embryonic development?
Ventricular septation: Division of ventricles into left and right
Truncus arteriosus division: Forms ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk via the aorticopulmonary septum
What is the developmental error in Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)?
Cause: Dextropositioning (rightward displacement) of the aorticopulmonary septum
Effect:
Pulmonary stenosis (narrow trunk)
Overriding aorta (receives blood from both ventricles)
Right ventricular hypertrophy (due to pressure overload)
Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
How does blood flow in Tetralogy of Fallot cause cyanosis?
Pulmonary stenosis increases right ventricular pressure
Causes right-to-left shunt through the VSD into the overriding aorta
Deoxygenated blood enters systemic circulation, resulting in cyanosis
Why does squatting reduce cyanosis in children with Tetralogy of Fallot?
Squatting increases peripheral arterial resistance
This raises left ventricular pressure, reducing the right-to-left shunt
Result: More blood flows into the lungs → improved oxygenation
What is the only site of attachment between the lung and other thoracic structures?
The root of the lung, which passes through the hilum.
What is the hilum of the lung, and what bounds it?
Hilum: Entryway to the lung
Bounded by: Reflection of the pleurae
Pleural continuity: Visceral pleura becomes mediastinal parietal pleura, fused to the fibrous pericardium
Describe the positional relationships of structures in the root of the lung. (Right Lung) RALS
Most inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein
Most anterior: Superior pulmonary vein
Most posterior: Bronchus
Right lung: Pulmonary artery is anterior to the bronchus
Describe the positional relationships of structures in the root of the lung. (Left Lung) RALS
Most inferior: Inferior pulmonary vein
Most anterior: Superior pulmonary vein
Most posterior: Bronchus
Left lung: Pulmonary artery is most superior
What is the blood supply and venous drainage for the lung tissue itself? (Right Lung)
Bronchial arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to lung cells
Bronchial veins:
Drain into azygos vein (right lung)
What is the blood supply and venous drainage for the lung tissue itself? (Left Lung)
Bronchial arteries: Supply oxygenated blood to lung cells
Bronchial veins:
Drain into hemiazygos vein (left lung)
What are the sympathetic and parasympathetic innervations of the lung?
Sympathetic fibers: To glandular cells and vascular smooth muscle
Parasympathetic fibers (vagus n.): To bronchial and bronchiolar smooth muscle
Visceral afferents: Also branches of the vagus nerve
Describe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Lymph drains from:
Visceral pleura
Lung parenchyma
Connective tissue septa
Bronchial wallsDescribe the lymphatic drainage of the lungs.
Describe the Drainage pathway of the lungs. (Left)
Brats
Treat
Parents
Brutal
..
Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (at tracheal bifurcation)
Paratracheal lymph nodes
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
Left side: Thoracic duct
Describe the Drainage pathway of the lungs. (Right)
Brats
Treat
Parents
Brutal
..
Bronchopulmonary (hilar) lymph nodes
Tracheobronchial lymph nodes (at tracheal bifurcation)
Paratracheal lymph nodes
Bronchomediastinal lymph trunk
Right side: Right lymphatic duct or directly to subclavian/internal jugular vein
Where do pain stimuli in angina pectoris originate?
From free nerve endings in the cardiac connective tissue.
To which spinal levels is cardiac pain typically referred?
C8-T5
Name some atypical areas where cardiac pain may be referred.
Side of the neck, ear, lower jaw, or back of the chest
Which dermatomes correspond to the referred pain areas in angina pectoris?
Medial side of the upper limb and chest wall.
What areas does the Right Coronary Artery (RCA) supply?
Right atrium, right ventricle, and interatrial septum
What areas does the Left Coronary Artery (LCA) supply?
Left atrium and left ventricle.
Which part of the heart do both the RCA and LCA supply?
The interventricular septum.
What are papillary muscles and where are they located?
Bundles of cardiac muscle projecting from the ventricular wall into the lumen of the right or left ventricle.
How do papillary muscles function in heart valve mechanics?
They are attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves by chordae tendinae and control valve closure during systole, preventing prolapse into the atria.
What defines an end artery?
An artery that does not anastomose with others; obstruction causes necrosis (infarct).
