Lachmans TEST REVIEW (PERSONAL Lower Limb) (Part2)

Question 1

How is the knee “unlocked”?

Answer 1

Slight flexion and lateral rotation of the femur on the tibia, initiated by the popliteus muscle.

Question 2

What causes injury to the tibial (medial) collateral ligament (MCL)?

Answer 2

Adduction of the femur with the knee partially flexed, stressing the medial side.

Question 3

Which muscles insert at the pes anserinus crossing the MCL?

Answer 3

Sartorius, gracilis, and semitendinosus.

Question 4

Where does the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) attach?

Answer 4

From lateral wall of intercondylar notch (femur) to anterior intercondylar area of tibia.

Question 5

What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

Answer 5

ACL: Limits anterior tibial translation

PCL: Limits posterior tibial translation

Question 6

What does increased anterior mobility during testing indicate?

Answer 6

ACL tear.

Question 7

What contributes to knee stability besides ligaments?
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Answer 7

Iliotibial (IT) band.

Question 8

Describe the medial meniscus.

Answer 8

C-shaped, wedge-shaped (thicker at the periphery), less mobile (anchored to MCL), more commonly injured.

Question 9

Why is the lateral meniscus less prone to injury?

Answer 9

It is not attached to the lateral collateral ligament (LCL), giving it greater mobility.

Question 10

Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate and into what?

Answer 10

Bifurcates into the two common iliac arteries anterior to L4.

Question 11

What does the external iliac artery become after passing under the inguinal ligament?

Answer 11

Common femoral artery, which enters the femoral sheath.

Question 12

What are the branches of the common femoral artery?

Answer 12

Deep femoral (profunda femoris): supplies anterior, medial, posterior thigh

Superficial femoral a.: enters adductor canal → becomes popliteal a.

Question 13

What arteries does the popliteal artery branch into?

Answer 13

Anterior tibial a. → anterior leg → dorsalis pedis a.

Posterior tibial a. → posterior/lateral leg → gives off fibular (peroneal) a.

Question 14

What arteries does the popliteal artery branch into?

Answer 14

Anterior tibial a. → anterior leg → dorsalis pedis a.

Posterior tibial a. → posterior/lateral leg → gives off fibular (peroneal) a.

Question 15

Which arteries supply the knee?

Answer 15

Deep femoral a. → proximal knee

Superficial femoral a. → distal knee

Question 16

Describe the ureter’s anatomical course in relation to the iliac arteries.

Answer 16

Crosses anterior to the bifurcation of the common iliac a., and passes over the origin of the external iliac a.

Question 17

What forms the femoral sheath and what does it contain?

Answer 17

Formed from transversalis fascia evaginating under inguinal ligament

Contains femoral a., femoral v., and lymphatics

Question 18

What are the boundaries and contents of the femoral triangle?

Answer 18

Boundaries: Inguinal lig (sup.), sartorius (lat.), adductor longus (med.)

Contents: NAVEL (Nerve, Artery, Vein, Empty space, Lymphatics)

Question 19

What structures are in the adductor canal and what does it become?

Answer 19

Contents: Superficial femoral a., femoral v., saphenous n., n. to vastus medialis

Becomes popliteal fossa after vessels pass through adductor hiatus

Question 20

What are the boundaries and contents of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 20

Boundaries: Biceps femoris (superolateral), semitendinosus/semimembranosus (superomedial), gastroc. heads (inferior)

Contents (post → ant): Tibial n. → popliteal v. → popliteal a.

Question 21

Trace the path of the great and small saphenous veins.

Answer 21

Great saphenous v.: medial → medial malleolus → femoral triangle → drains into femoral v.

Small saphenous v.: lateral → lateral malleolus → between gastrocnemius heads → drains into popliteal v.

Question 22

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 22

Tibialis anterior

Extensor hallucis longus

Extensor digitorum longus

Fibularis tertius (sometimes considered, lateral portion)

Question 23

What structures define the boundaries of the anterior leg compartment?

Answer 23

Tibia, fibula, and interosseous membrane (posterior boundary)

Crural fascia (encircling layer)

Anterior intermuscular septum (lateral boundary with lateral compartment)

Question 24

What is the origin and role of the deep fibular (peroneal) nerve?

Answer 24

Branch: Common fibular nerve (L4/L5—S2).

Innervates anterior compartment muscles and some foot dorsum muscles

Provides cutaneous innervation to skin between 1st and 2nd digits

Question 25

Describe the branching of the common fibular nerve.

Answer 25

Wraps around the neck of the fibula Splits into: Superficial fibular n. (lateral compartment; skin of anterolateral leg & foot dorsum) Deep fibular n. (anterior compartment & toe web space)

Question 26

What is the primary arterial supply of the anterior compartment?

Answer 26

Anterior tibial artery (branch of popliteal a.)

Question 27

Where can the dorsalis pedis pulse be palpated?

Answer 27

Lateral to the tendon of extensor hallucis longus on the dorsum of the foot

Question 28

What arteries contribute to the collateral blood supply of the anterior compartment?

Answer 28

Branches of the posterior tibial and fibular arteries These perforate the interosseous membrane to anastomose with the anterior tibial a.

Question 29

Where does the common fibular nerve originate and how does it travel?

Answer 29

One of two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve Sciatic n. divides at the upper end of the popliteal fossa Common fibular n. lies against the medial edge of the biceps femoris, crosses the lateral head of fibula, wraps around fibular neck, and divides into superficial and deep fibular nerves

Question 30

What muscles and functions are associated with the superficial fibular nerve?

Answer 30

Motor: Fibularis longus & brevis (lateral compartment) → evert the foot Sensory: Skin of anterolateral distal leg & dorsum of the foot

Question 31

What muscles are innervated by the deep fibular nerve in the anterior leg?

Answer 31

Tibialis anterior – dorsiflexes and inverts the foot Extensor hallucis longus – extends the great toe & dorsiflexes foot Extensor digitorum longus – extends digits 2–5 & dorsiflexes foot Fibularis tertius – everts foot

Question 32

What are the functions of the deep fibular nerve in the foot? (Relations to extensor retinaculum)? digits

Answer 32

Innervates: (Extensors of the Leg) Tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius, Dorsiflexion of the foot and extension of the toes

Question 33

What is the sensory role of the saphenous nerve?

Answer 33

Branch of femoral nerve Provides sensory innervation to anteromedial leg and dorsomedial surface of foot

Question 34

What area does the sural nerve supply?

Answer 34

Sensory innervation to the skin of the posterior leg

Question 35

What is the sensory role of the tibial nerve in the foot?

Answer 35

Provides sensation to the sole of the foot via its medial and lateral plantar branches