LAM I Final Material

Question 1

What is the FIRST thing you should do for tx?

Answer 1

Heavy dose of xylazine BEFORE NG tube

Question 2

What is the primary cause for choke?

Answer 2

Bolting

Question 3

Ascarid Impactions are typically seen in _________aged horses. What is important to remember when treating?

Answer 3

Young

Do not kill all worms at once->obstruction

Question 4

What is the most common FB sen in a horse?

What is it most commonly caused by?

Answer 4

Ileal impaction

Burmuda grass

Question 5

Muscular Dystrophy is hypertrophy of the smooth mm of the ileum most frequently seen in _____aged horses. It is associated with _______

Answer 5

Older

Tape worms

Question 6

What is the most common cause of adhesions?

Answer 6

Peritonitis (usually 2º to previous abdominal sx)

Question 7

To be classified as a strangulating volvulus the SI must twist_____º. If > than ______º venous supply is compromised. If > than_______º arterial supply is compromised

Answer 7

180º
>180º
>270º

Question 8

Volvulus is most commonly seen in what age group? What is the 2 most common causes in a foal

Answer 8

Young horses

Question 9

What is a stangulating lipomas and what age group is it usually seen in?

Answer 9

Pedunculated fat mass at the end of a fibrovascular stock

Older (9-10yrs)

Question 10

What is the most common type of internal herniation and which way does it usually migrate?

Answer 10

Epiploic foramen

RIGHT-LEFT

Question 11

What age group is Epiploic foramenal herniation usually occur in and why?

Answer 11

Older horses due to splenic shrinkage w/ age creates space for movemenet

Question 12

What behavior is commonly associated w/ Epiploic heriations?

Answer 12

Cribbing

Question 13

If you have a Diaphragmatic hernia, what will the abdominocentesis look like? What will you feel on palpation

Answer 13

Normal

Missing SI because its all up in the chest cavity

Question 14

Intussusception is commonly seen in what age group?

What is the most classic C/S?

Answer 14

Young

Question 15

What location is usually involved in intussusception?

Answer 15

Ileum & ileocecal junction

Question 16

DPJ’s are commonly associated w/ __________. What color reflux will you see?

Answer 16

Clostridum (difficile)

Orange-brown

Question 17

Bloating in the Rt flank is associated w/?

Answer 17

Cecal tympany

Question 18

Where is the most common location for a non-strangulating large colon?

Answer 18

Pelvic flexure

Question 19

T/F: In non-strangulating large colon cases it is important to feed the horse to maintain GI stasis

Answer 19

FALSE: DO NOT FEED THE HORSE= MAKES IT WORSE. Stasis is already compromises

Question 20

What is the medical tx for sand impactions?

Answer 20

Psyllium (metamucil)

Question 21

What is the most common cause of enterlithiasis?

Where in the Us do we usually see this

Answer 21

Alfalfa hay

**CA, IN, FL

Question 22

If you take a horses to surgery and remove a round enterolith what does this mean? What is its triangular?

Answer 22

Round= only 1, go head and close up
Triangle= you better keep looking cause its not alone!

Question 23

What (specifically) are enteroliths composed of?

Answer 23

Mg+ ammonium phosphate

Question 24

Where to enteroliths usually like to lodge themselves?

Answer 24

In transverse or R dorsal colon

Question 25

T/F: you can differentiate Rt and Lt dorsal displacement based on rectal palpation

Answer 25

False, can only determine surgically

Question 26

What enzyme do we care about with dorsal displacement?

Answer 26

Elevated GGT and bile salts= obstructed biliary tree

Question 27

Lt dorsal displacement = _______

Answer 27

Nephrosplenic Entrapment

Question 28

Nephrosplenic entrapment is generally seen in what breeds?

Answer 28

Lg breed (drafts/warm bloods)

Question 29

What is the medical therapy for Lt dorsal displacement?

Answer 29

Phenylephrine + rolling them

Question 30

What is a major concern about treating Nephrosplenic entrapment?

Answer 30

You need to anesthetize them to tx = Big horses= myopathy

Question 31

Large colon torsion is a type of strangulating torsion of the ______. What degree is needed for it t be considered a complete volvulus?

Answer 31

Ceco-colic mesentary | >270º

Question 32

What horses is the poster-child for Lg colon torsion?

Answer 32

Broodmares; having baby= open space= room for movement

Question 33

What is the most painful colic?

Answer 33

Lg colon torsion = strangulating

Question 34

What are the 3 infectious inflammatory causes of Lg intestinal problems we discussed?

Answer 34

- Salmonella - Potomac Horse Fever - Clostridium

Question 35

What are the 3 Nutritional inflammatory causes of Lg intestine problems

Answer 35

- Grain overload - Blister Beetles - Sand Enteropathy

Question 36

Salmonella is induced by_______via asymptomatic carriers. What are the 3 signs that point to salmonella?

Answer 36

Stress - fever - D+ - Leukopenia

Question 37

T/F: you cannot call a horse negative for salmonella till you have obtained 3 negative fecal cultures

Answer 37

True

Question 38

What is Potomac Horse Fever? | What is it caused by?

Answer 38

Neorickettsia | Ingestion of flukes/snails/bird droppings

Question 39

If the exam states the horse is housed by water or a pond its most definatly ➡️

Answer 39

POTOMAC HORSE FEVER

Question 40

What are 3 characteristic signs of PHF?

Answer 40

High Fever >104-106 D+ Laminitis

Question 41

What is the medical tx for PHF? What is the problem w/ this tx?

Answer 41

Oxytet | CAN CAUSE SALMONELLA- tx w/ TMS or Pred if both are present

Question 42

How do horses generally get clostridium?

Answer 42

It is part of normal gut flora. Abx cause it to become pathogenic

Question 43

What is a common C/S of clostrodium? | What is the medical tx for clostridium?

Answer 43

Hemmorragic D+ | Metronidazole

Question 44

How do horses get Blister Beetle toxicosis?

Answer 44

Alfalfa hay...the little fuckers hang out in there

Question 45

What is the most painful colic you will see?

Answer 45

Blister beetle toxicosis

Question 46

Blister Beetle toxin= ________

Answer 46

cantharidin

Question 47

What are some C/S of blister beetle toxicosis?

Answer 47

``` Dysuria Pigmenturia Low SG HYPOcalcemia ➡️ SDFs METABOLIC ACIDOSIS ```

Question 48

Tr dorsal displacement is caused by:

Answer 48

Phenylbutazone

Question 49

Cyathostomiasis=______

Answer 49

Small strongyls

Question 50

What is the DOC for tx of small strongyles? What do you need to be careful of?

Answer 50

Benzimidazole | DO NOT KILL ALL AT ONCE= OBSTRUCTION

Question 51

What are the normal values for Bilirubin?

Answer 51

Total: 0-1.8 Direct: 0-0.2 Indirect: 0-1.6

Question 52

What are the hepatic triad (there is actually 4) of C/S?

Answer 52

- icterus- fasting = accumulation - hepatic encephalopathy = backup of ammonia - photosensitization = erythema - clotting disorders

Question 53

What is important about the gallbladder of a horse?

Answer 53

THE DONT HAVE ONE

Question 54

What clotting factor is first to go?

Answer 54

Factor 7

Question 55

What will you see w/ hepatic cases in regards to hyperbilirubinemia?

Answer 55

- direct= normal | - indirect= increased

Question 56

Theiler's Dz is caused by:

Answer 56

Tetnus anti-toxin vaccine

Question 57

What age is Theiler's disease usually seen in?

Answer 57

Younger horses (getting vaccinated)

Question 58

Choke is characterized by ________nasal discharge, neck stretching and a palpable distention in the neck. What is the number 1 complication?

Answer 58

Feed tinged | Aspiration pneumonia