Lameness

Question 1

What are 3 claw horn disruption lesions?

Answer 1

Sole haemorrhage/ bruising
Sole ulcer
White line lesion/ abscess

Question 2

which CHDL is caused from pressure on pedal bone or external pressure esp when soles are thin

Answer 2

sole bruising/ haemorrhage

Question 3

which CHDL is a more severe manifestation of sole bruising, can leads to disrupted sole horn production and exposure of the corium

Answer 3

sole ulcer

Question 4

which CHDL is associated with shearing/ sideways forces on feet

Answer 4

white line lesions

Question 5

why are cows that are about to calf more likely to get CHDLs?

Answer 5

relaxin and oestrogen > increases laxity of 3rd phalanx

lower BCS >

Question 6

3 aetiology factors of CHDL

Answer 6

excessive movement of third phalanx

reduced digital cushion

claw horn overgrowth

Question 7

best BCS to reduce chance of lameness?

Answer 7

2-2.5

Question 8

skin overgrowth, only painful if infected
mechanical changes makes cows appear lame
removal under regional anaesthesia if painful
caused by chronic skin irritation and is hereditary

which non infectious cause of lameness is this

Answer 8

interdigital hyperplasia

Question 9

asc with over wear or over trimming of toe sole
trim/ block unaffected claw

which non infectious cause of lameness is this

Answer 9

toe ulcer/ necrosis

Question 10

not always painful, exposed corium + granulation tissue 
trimming 
black unaffected claw
stabilise hoof wall 
'sandcrack'

which non infectious cause of lameness is this

Answer 10

vertical wall crack

Question 11

starts from previous lesion (foul in foot, sole ulcers), extremely painful
amputation or euthanasia

Answer 11

deep digital sepsis

Question 12

abscess above heel bulb
one claw, extensive painful swelling of the heel region of a single digit

which non infectious cause of lameness is this

Answer 12

retroarticular abscess

Question 13

dorsal edge of claw wall deviates from straight line

which non infectious cause of lameness is this

Answer 13

corkscrew claw

Question 14

reduced forward stride if indicative of

upper or lower limb pain?

Answer 14

upper

Question 15

would the stride length of the good or bad leg be shortened in upper limb pain?

Answer 15

stride length of good leg is shortened to lessen the time the bad leg is weight bearing

Question 16

head bobs up if

front leg pain
back leg pain

Answer 16

front leg pain

Question 17

calf unable to flatten digits
asc with position in utero, manganese deficiency
treated by manual straightening on leg + splint and cast
tenonectomy

Answer 17

tendon contraction

Question 18

history of sudden force/ trauma, hypophosphataemia if bilateral
angle of hock is more acute, hip to hock much straighter

Answer 18

gastrocnemius rupture

Question 19

commonly from bull from mounting or cows at point of oestrus when riding
Acute lameness, becoming intermittent, joint effusion, crepitus

Answer 19

rupture of anterior cruciate ligament

Question 20

leg in full extension intermittently, progressing to pull time
tx: cut medial patellar ligament on both legs

Answer 20

patellar fixation

Question 21

young animal asc with
Ca, P, Cu deficiency

stiffness/ recumbency, bone distorsion, swelling/ joint epiphysis and pain

Answer 21

Osteodystrophy (rickets)

Question 22

adult cow

stiffness/ recumbency, bone distorsion, swelling/ joint epiphysis and pain

Answer 22

osteodystrophy (osteoporosis and osteomalacia)

Question 23

cow, young and fast growing, just turned out to field/ increased activity

lameness, stilted gait

dyspnoea if thoracic muscles affected
sudden death if cardiac muscles affected

asc with vit E and selenium deficiency

Answer 23

white muscle disease

Question 24

hereford, charlais, angus and galloways

3m-2 years

bilateral, stifle outwards, hock in, fetlock out

mild inflam and protein increase on joint tap

Answer 24

Hip dysplasia

dorsal acetabulum and femeroal head erosion

Question 25

focal necrosis cartilage vessels, particularly in skull and C1 (skull joint) and stifle

Answer 25

osteochondrosis

Question 26

growing animal severe and progressuce ongoing from osteochondrosis affects DIJ in calves fetlock, carpus and tarsus in adults ddx? tx?

Answer 26

degenerative joint disease amputation of claw

Question 27

decreased anterior phase of walking and swelling of greater trochanter crepitus when walking cranial dorsal most common, can still be walking at this point caudal ventral, puts pressure on obturator nerve, more severe dorsal caudal and cranioventral forms rare ddx? tx?

Answer 27

hip dislocation closed reduction (replace leg back into acetabulum ring and hold there)

Question 28

disconspongylitis can occur from what?

Answer 28

septic arthritis

Question 29

what is a hygroma

Answer 29

swelling over bony joints | herd issue

Question 30

define arthrotomy

Answer 30

digital amputation

Question 31

define arthrodesis

Answer 31

joint fusion

Question 32

what surgical treatment is indicated with Deep digital sepsis/ septic arthritis of the distal interphalangeal joint ``` Complications with – if not treated in time: Sole ulcer White line abscesses Foul in the foot Penetrating injuries ``` Retroarticular abscesse Non healing wall lesions- white line lesions that get re infected with digital dermatitis bacteria Toe necrosis

Answer 32

Arthrotomy

Question 33

what surgical treatment is indicated with pain with mobility, alternative to amputation o Chronic infection o Arthritis

Answer 33

arthrodesis

Question 34

is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy disarticulation of proximal interphalangeal joint

Answer 34

method 1

Question 35

is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy not indicated as small part of P2 left, which causes complications

Answer 35

method 2

Question 36

is this method 1,2 or 3 of arthrotomy uses embryotomy wire good method as it is faster and easier

Answer 36

method 3

Question 37

is this an evaluation of arthrotomy or arthrodesis of digits Remaining cartilages not thought to cause problems Less painful Reduces life span

Answer 37

arthrotomy

Question 38

is this an evaluation of arthrotomy or arthrodesis of digits increases lifespan more stable hurts more

Answer 38

arthrodesis

Question 39

Which infectious foot conditions is caused by: Treponemes spps

Answer 39

Bovine Digital Dermatitis aet: Treponemes: T. medium-like, T. phagedenis-like. T. pedis

Question 40

Which infectious foot conditions is caused by: Fusobacterium Necrophorum and Bacteriodes melaninogenicus

Answer 40

Bovine foul in the foot

Question 41

4 infectious foot conditions causing lameness

Answer 41

Bovine Digital Dermatitis Bovine Foul in the Foot Interdigital Dermatitis Heel horn erosion

Question 42

Which infectious foot conditions is caused by: Dichelobacter nodosus

Answer 42

Interdigital dermatitis

Question 43

Which infectious foot conditions is caused by: progressive destruction of the heel

Answer 43

heel horn erosion

Question 44

Which infectious foot condition - Painful reddened area usually just above interdigital cleft between the heel bulbs - Erected hair around lesions sometimes - Very painful lameness. - Reduced milk yields and reproduction how would you diagnose this condition

Answer 44

bovine digital dermatitis silver nitrate staining to see bacteria treponemes (characteristic spiral shape) visual lameness and lesion score

Question 45

which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this Normal digital skin without signs of digital dermatitis

Answer 45

M0

Question 46

which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this Early small <2cm diameter lesion circumscribed red to grey epithelial defect that proceeds the acute M2 stage

Answer 46

M1

Question 47

which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this Acute, active ulceration (bright red) or granulomatous (red to grey) digital skin alteration. >2cm in diameter.

Answer 47

M2

Question 48

which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this Healing stage within one or two days of tropical treatment, the acute lesion is covered with a firm scab like material.

Answer 48

M3

Question 49

which stage (M0-M4) of bovine digital dermatitis is this Late chronic lesions that may be dyskaraotic (mostly thickened epithelium) or proliferative or both. The proliferation may be filamentous, scab like or mass proliferation. Can have Chronic lesion with subacute components Chronic, appearance of hairy wart

Answer 49

M4

Question 50

treatment for bovine digital dermatitis

Answer 50

``` clean and dry lesion topical AB tetracycline blue spray salicylic acid powder NSAIDs no IM antibiotic due to milk withhold ```

Question 51

3 main chemicals used in footbaths which are bad for environment which can cause hardening of foot and may be carcinogenic?

Answer 51

formalin - hardening zinc sulphate - bad Enviro copper sulphate - bad Enviro

Question 52

3 main chemicals used in footbaths which are bad for environment which can cause hardening of foot and may be carcinogenic?

Answer 52

formalin - hardening zinc sulphate - bad Enviro copper sulphate - bad Enviro

Question 53

Which infectious foot condition - sudden onset of acute severe lameness- very painful - animal holds leg up to relieve pressure - swelling of interdigital space, whole foot can be swollen, necrosis of skin, characteristic smell - fever, anorexia - reduced milk yield

Answer 53

Bovine foul in the foot Interdigital phlegmon/ Interdigital necrobacillosis/ Infectious pododermatitis

Question 54

treatment for bovine foul in the foot

Answer 54

clean and remove necrotic material 3 day systemic penicllin, oxytetracyclin or macrolide topical not effective

Question 55

Which infectious foot condition: no swelling mild pain not very lame less severe than foul in the foot, lesion between digits

Answer 55

interdigital dermatitis

Question 56

how to treat heel horn erosion?

Answer 56

foot trimming and topical antibiotic treatment

Question 57

Prevalence of lameness in national dairy herd?

Answer 57

20-36.8%

Question 58

what is the cow comfort quotient

Answer 58

no of cows using cubicles correctly/ number of cows using cubicles