Landscape Ecology and Biogeography

Question 1

Biogeography

Answer 1

Geography of biodiversity. history of taxonomic lineages across space and time. global and continental scales.

Question 2

Landscape Ecology

Answer 2

Influence of the composition and arrangement of habitats across a large spatial area.

Question 3

There are … major geographic regions

Answer 3

six.

Question 4

Landscape ecology

Answer 4

influence of the composition and arrangement of habitats across a large spatial area. landscape architecture influences individuals, populations, communities and ecosystems.

Question 5

Habitat Heterogeneity

Answer 5

Reflects recent and historical events caused by natural and human forces.

Question 6

Legacy effects

Answer 6

long term effects of past events on current ecology. (glaciation, ancient settlements).

Question 7

Species richness increases from … to … scales due to increasing habitat ….

Answer 7

local, regional, heterogeneity

Question 8

Alpha, a, local diversity

Answer 8

of species in a relatively small area

Question 9

Beta, b, diversity

Answer 9

of species differing between two local habitats

Question 10

How do you find beta, b, diversity

Answer 10

You find out how many species are in each place that isnt in the other. Then you add these two values together.

Question 11

Gamma, y, regional diversity

Answer 11

of species in all habitats of a large geographic area

Question 12

high b diversity resulting in high y diversity is seen in disturbed or undisturbed forests.

Answer 12

Undisturbed

Question 13

Species in both disturbed and undisturbed areas have … a diversity

Answer 13

similar

Question 14

Ecosystem engineers

Answer 14

Species that have a disproportionate affect (relative to their biomass) on landscapes.

Question 15

Many human activities lead to … which …. patch number in a habitat

Answer 15

fragmentation, increases

Question 16

Species-area relationships

Answer 16

Mac-arthur and Wilson figured that larger areas contain more species. Presented in log scale to present line between area size and number of species.

Question 17

Species-area relationship studies often rely on

Answer 17

habitat “islands”

Question 18

Species area relationship formula

Answer 18

S=cA^z

Question 19

Among islands of similar size, … contain more species than …

Answer 19

near islands, far, islands.

Question 20

Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography

Answer 20

Number of species on an “island” reflects a balance between colonization and extinction rates that are impacted by island isolation and size. The equilibrium number of species is the point where the number of species being gained is “balanced” by the number being lost

Question 21

As species size increases colonization rates … and extinction rates …

Answer 21

decrease, increase

Question 22

Smaller islands should have higher … rates

Answer 22

extinction

Question 23

S with the ^ at the top indicates

Answer 23

Species richness

Question 24

Islands nearer to source habitat should have higher … rates

Answer 24

colonization. More species able to disperse that far. Nearer islands have higher species richness.

Question 25

The most amount of species on an island would be ... and ...

Answer 25

near and large

Question 26

The second most would be the ... and ....

Answer 26

far and large

Question 27

Near and far are associated with

Answer 27

colonization

Question 28

Small and large are associated with

Answer 28

extinction

Question 29

.... is more important than ... for richness

Answer 29

size, distance

Question 30

memorize the six biogeographic regions

Question 31

Pangea

Answer 31

Single landmass 250 millions years ago. Split into two parts: Gondwana, Laurasia

Question 32

Gondwana

Answer 32

What is now South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.

Question 33

Laurasia

Answer 33

What is now North America, Europe, and Asia

Question 34

Separation of super continents happened earlier in the

Answer 34

South

Question 35

Continental Drift

Answer 35

Has allowed individual continents independently to evolve different groups of organisms for long periods.

Question 36

Importance of Continental Plates

Answer 36

Creates and breaks barriers to dispersal. Positions of continents and ocean basins influence climate.

Question 37

Vicariance

Answer 37

Splitting of a widely distributed ancestral population by continental drift. Separation of lineages can also happen via dispersal (after a geographic event). Both likely played a role in unique species found in isolated places like Madagascar.

Question 38

The Great American Interchange

Answer 38

Animals moving from north to south and south to north successfully and unsuccessfully

Question 39

50-30 mya poles were

Answer 39

warmer

Question 40

2 mya ... occurred due to the ...

Answer 40

ice ages, gradual cooling

Question 41

Longer Evolutionary History Hypothesis

Answer 41

Goes against the idea that animals are plentiful in warmer areas by saying that the tropics have generally stayed where they are now so the species had time to evolve. Large land area as well.

Question 42

Climate Stability Hypothesis

Answer 42

Fewer species can tolerate climatically unfavorable or variable conditions. More can tolerate climatically favorable conditions.