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Alevel Geography > Landscape Systems > Flashcards

Landscape Systems Flashcards

(105 cards)

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1
Q

What is the littoral zone

A

intertidal zone extending from the high water mark to coastal areas that are permanently submerged, the foreshore

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2
Q

What are the elements of structure

A

Geological, forming, lithologies

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3
Q

Elements of geological structure

A

Jointing, dip, faulting, folding, coastal morphology

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4
Q

Elements of forming

A

Concordant, discordant coastlines

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5
Q

Elements of lithology

A

Strata, deformation, faulting

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6
Q

What is strata

A

a layer or a series of layers of rock in the ground

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7
Q

How are wave cut notches formed

A

destructive waves hit against the cliff face, causing an undercut between the high and low water marks, mainly as a result of abrasion, corrosion and hydraulic action, creating a wave-cut notch. This notch then enlarges into a cave, and eventually collapses to be level with the sea

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8
Q

Sources of sediment

A

Rivers (intermittent, sub aerial inland), waves, cliffs, LSD, angle of wave

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9
Q

depositional landforms

A

Beaches, spits, bars, tombolo, cuspate

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10
Q

what are feedback loops

A

Negative = nullified
Positive = amplified

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11
Q

What are factors influencing landscapes

A

Geology, waves, tides, wind, current, geomorphic processes

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12
Q

Types of ocean currents

A

Longshore currents
Rip currents
Upwelling

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13
Q

What are rip currents

A

Seawater build up

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14
Q

what are the 3 types of energy inputted into a coastline

A

kinetic
potential
thermal

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15
Q

what is an output of energy

A

strong backwash transports sediment away from the coastlome

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16
Q

what is a flow

A

a form of linkage between 2 stores

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17
Q

what is a store

A

a store of energy

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18
Q

why might a sediment cell not be a closed system

A

lsd transports sediment depending on prevailing wind
around barriers like headlands (storms)
sand blown further inland
humans or extreme weather events

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19
Q

how do winds produce waves

A

generated by frictional
higher wind speed is higher fetch
top of wave moves faster than bottom

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20
Q

why do waves break as they enter the shore

A

circular orbit changes to elliptical as frictional drag influences the shape and water moleevules come into contact with sea fooor
slowing wave to cause bunch up
crest advanced a heads of the wave (not influenced)

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21
Q

spring tide

A

high tude

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22
Q

neap tide

A

low tide

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23
Q

how do rivers gain sediment

A

terrestrially by erosion transport deposition and lsd

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24
Q

why does a defecit sediment budget require human intervention

A

hard engineering to stop excessive eroson

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25
why may a spit be recurved
secondary winds > deposition at different angles > salt marsh behind a spit if estuary
26
how is the rosetta headland formes
constant deposition of sediment through lsd from distributaries due to NW W waves
27
temp and sea level of glacial period
wurm glacial period 9C lower and 90m lower
28
why will rias infill with sea level rise
alluvial deposits due to the depth and low velocity and energy
29
sea level change effect on shingle beaches
higher energy waves due to sea level rise > lsd > rapid change in characteristics
30
sandbanks why is it being manages
protect beach from excess erosion die to high value property development nearby
31
effects of changes of processes and flows
reduced retreat of coastline and minimised movement of sediment
32
how long is the nile delta
6650km
33
how much rainfall in the nile delta
600mm
34
discharge of nile delta
3000m3/s
35
factors influencing the formation of landforms
waves tides wind currents géomorphic processes geology
36
where are distributaries in the nile delta
cairo
37
when was the aswan dam built
1964 caused imbalance
38
how much was the reduction of sediment due to aswan dam
120 million to trace amounts
39
where is flamorough head located
between salt burn and flamborough head rock upland 60km long
40
geology of FH
adjacent to north york mooks rise 400m sandstone shale and limestone glacial deposits
41
fetch FH
1500km
42
shale and clay erosion rate FH
0.8 metres a year
43
sandstone and limestone erosion rates
0.1 metres per annum
44
prevailing wind FH
N/NW
45
FH sediment sources
between salt burn and flamboyrogh sub cell cliff erosion boulder clay deposits river sediment (river Esk)
46
beach sediment increas FH
9245m3 (2008-2011)
47
cliffs in FH
vertical face lowered by mass movement 40* glacial till overlain
48
shore platforms what is the bay called Fh
high energy erosion robin hood bay has lower lias shales
49
headlands FH
wave refraction concentrated headland joints exploités slewing bay blowholes and 50 geos
50
what are the beaches like Fh
few well developed sand and shingle accumulate waves remove sediment before deposition lsd medium
51
why do sea levels change daily
high and low every few hours air pressure winds push water to coast
52
why do sea levels change long term
relative to land eustatic and isostatic
53
when was the last glacial maximum
20,000 years afo
54
what is eustatic thermal change
water expands ocean absorbs heat thermal expansion fossil fuels anthropogenic forcing
55
what is isostatic change
uplift experiences by land following the removal of ice sheets as post glacial rebound mantle pushed down by ice sheet
56
subsidence
sinking of land due to the weight of ice sheet weight of sediment into thames
57
which parts of UK are rising
N W
58
which parts of UK are sinking
S E
59
isostatic change accretion
sediment added to landform balanced by subsidence
60
example of accretion
1.1mm sinking 2.2mm eustatic rising 3.9mm rise
61
past activity of tectonics
uplift of mountains local tilting alpine folding eurasian african
62
output of energy
long wavelength (heat emission) terrestrial radiatoon
63
what is an output of matterial
aeolian processes erodes material transported
64
dynamic equilibrium
when a system is disturbed and the system undergoes self regulation to change and restore it
65
store in a sediment cell
point of accumulation of energy or material
66
flow between sediment cell
the linkage (lsd)
67
when will a wave topple over
the depth is less than 1.3x the wave height
68
what happens to wave heighhtr as it enters the shore
increases
69
what is backwash
the force of gravity acting perpendicular to the coastline
70
what is wave refraction
concentrated energy on headland comes into contact with shallow water causing friction wave wave refracts around the headland and drag against sides
71
low energy landforms
beaches and spits deposition exceeds erosion estuaries
72
high energy landforms
headlands cliffs wave cut platforms strong prevailing wind
73
sediment comes from
streams and rivers cliff erosion offshore sandbanks shells and coral
74
sediment cells are
closed systems
75
explain the concept of a sediment cell
closed system 2 distinct features of land dynamic equilibrium erosion transportation and depositions movement of matter ❌
76
types of erosion
hydraulic action abrasion corrasion attrition solution
77
What affects rate if erosion
Wave height Fetch Sea depth Wave refraction Protection of a beach Human activity
78
How does lithology affect geomorphic processes
Rock characteristics Erosion resistance Permeability Jointed rocks
79
How does structure affect geomorphic processes
Strata (relations) Deformation and tectonic activity Faulting and fractures Con/discordant coastlines Dip
80
Types of transportation
Traction Saltation Suspension Solution LSD
81
Equation for energy relation wave high
E=LH2 Smallest increase in height results in a bigger change in energy
82
ablation
loss of ice or snow from a glacier
83
aeolian
eeosional, transportation and deposition
84
chemical weathering
in situ breakdown of rocks by chemical processes like oxidation and hydrolysis
85
concordant
coastline with andd of géologies lying paralell to shire
86
deflation
erosion of clay and silt by wind action
87
fetch
distance of ppen water in one direction from a coastline over which the wind can blow
88
What are the factors affecting temperature
Earths orbit Energy from sun Composition of atmosphere Tilt of earth
89
What was the sea level and temp of Tyrrhenian relative to today
3C higher and 20m higher
90
What happens when global temps fall
Sea level fall 2m Precipitation id snow and turns to ice Molecules contract
91
Emergent landforms
Raised beaches Abandoned cliffs Marine terraces
92
What is a raised beach
Higher shore platform more inland
93
What is an abandoned cliff
A relic cliff behind a raised beach Normal landforms
94
What is a marine terrace
Larger raised beach
95
Who manages sandbanks
Poole harbour commissions Poole borough council Sediment cell
96
What is the need for sandbanks
High value prop £10m houses Residential demand Beach’s for tourists Protection Ferries
97
Strategies used to manage sandbanks
Rock grognes Beach recharge
98
How to rock groynes manage sandbanks
Restrict sediment Ships into harbour Absorb waves W/o 1.6m/y
99
How does beach recharge manage sandbanks
Dredged offshore (£20/m3) ‘Rainbowing’
100
How has pakiri developed
High quality sand 9mangawhai-pakiri) 50km from Auckland (35% GDP)
101
When did Mangawhai stop sand mining
2005
102
How much sand was mined between 1994-2004 in pakiri
165,000m3/y
103
Why is sand mining non renewable
Few rivers 5x output than input Closed sediment budget
104
How does sand mining impact landforms
Beaches wide and flat High energy waves Vegetation loss (wind)
105
What do studies of pakiri show
Erosion rate increase Climate change and extraction will equal 35m erosion in 100yrs

Alevel Geography (5 decks)

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