Language

Question 1

Language

Answer 1

The use of an organised means of combining words in order to communicate with those around us

Question 2

Psycholinguistics and 4 related disciplines

Answer 2

The psychology of language as it interacts with the human mind

Linguistics - study of language

Neurolinguistics - the study of the relationships among the brain, cognition, and language

Sociolinguistics - the study of the relationship between social behaviour and language

Computational linguistics - the study of language via computational methods

Question 3

Language and evolution

Answer 3

• favored individuals with larynx deep enough in the throat to allow for a wider range of sound

Question 4

6 properties of language

Answer 4

1. communicative - permit us to communicate with people who share our language
2. arbitrarily symbolic - creates an arbitrary relationship between a symbol and what it represents
3. regularly structured - only certain arrangements of symbols have meaning
4. structured at multiple levels - in sounds, words, phrases
5. generative and productive - the possibilities for creating new utterances are virtually limitless
6. dynamic - constantly evolving

Question 5

referent

Answer 5

The thing or concept in the real world that a word refers to

Question 6

2 principles underlying word meanings

Answer 6

principle of conventionality - people agree

principle of contrast - different words have different meanings

Question 7

phoneme

Answer 7

The smallest unit of speech sound that can be used to distinguish one utterance in a language from another

Question 8

Phonemics

Answer 8

The study of the particular phonemes of a language

Question 9

Morpheme and 2 types

Answer 9

The smallest unit of meaning within a particular language

Content morphemes - the words that convey the bulk of meaning of a language

Function morphemes - add detail and nuance (suffixes, the..)

Question 10

Lexicon

Answer 10

the entire set of morphemes in a given language or in the given persons linguistic repertoire

Question 11

Syntax

Answer 11

Refers to the way in which we put words together to form sentences

Question 12

2 necessary parts of a sentence

Answer 12

noun phrase - a noun and its descriptors

verb phrase - a verb and whatever it acts on

Question 13

coarticulation

Answer 13

Pronouncing more than one phoneme at the same time

Question 14

speech segmentation

Answer 14

The process of trying to separate the continuous sound stream into distinct words

Question 15

Phonetic refinement theory

Answer 15

1. analysing auditory stimuli

2. matching the phonemes we hear with words we know

Question 16

TRACE model

Answer 16

connectionist model of speech perception

interactive nodes on 3 levels:

1. the level of acoustic features
2. the level of phonemes
3. the level of words

Question 17

phonemic-restoration effect

Answer 17

perceiving phonemes in speech despite them being covered up by another sound - integrating what we perceive with what we know

Question 18

Categorical perception of speech

Answer 18

We categorise what we hear according to syllables, pitch, etc.

Question 19

Motor theory of Speech perception

Answer 19

We use the movement of the speakers lips to perceive what they say

Question 20

McGurk effect

Answer 20

Hearing a compromise sound when when the lips seem to say one sound but we hear another

Question 21

Semantics

Answer 21

The study of meaning in a language

Question 22

Denotation vs connotation

Answer 22

Denotation is the strict dictionary definition of a word

connotation is a word’s emotional overtones in other non-explicit meanings

Question 23

semantic priming

Answer 23

We react faster to words that are related in meaning to a prior presented word

Question 24

words with multiple meanings

Answer 24

dominant meaning (foot as a body part)

subordinate meaning (foot of the hill)

Question 25

Grammar and 2 types

Answer 25

The study of language in terms of regular patterns 1. prescriptive - "correct" way to structure language 2. descriptive - deacribing functions and relationships of words in a language

Question 26

syntactical priming

Answer 26

Tendency to use syntactical structures that parallel the structures of sentences we have just heard

Question 27

what kinds of speech errors do we tend to make

Answer 27

Switching nouns for nouns, verbs for verbs etc

Question 28

Phrase-Structure Grammar

Answer 28

assigning syntactical categories (vetné členy)

Question 29

Transformational Grammar (Noam Chomsky)

Answer 29

involves transformational rules that guide the ways in which propositions can be arranged into sentences these rules influence the creation of a deep structure, which is then transformed through the application of more rules into a surface structure

Question 30

5 processes reading encompasses

Answer 30

``` perception language memory thinking intelligence ```

Question 31

Dyslexia and 2 kinds

Answer 31

difficulty in deciphering, reading and comprehending text 1. developmental 2. acquired (through brain damage)

Question 32

4 problems of people with dyslexia

Answer 32

1. phonological awareness - can't tell how many sounds there are in a word 2. phonological reading - trouble recognising words in isolation 3. phonological coding in working memory - confusing similar phonemes 4. lexical access - trouble retrieving words from their lexicon

Question 33

2 reading processes

Answer 33

lexical processes - used to identify letters and words comprehension processes - used to make sense of the text as a whole

Question 34

Eye fixations when reading

Answer 34

our eyes move in saccades - rapid sequential movements when reading. ``` we fixate more on : content words than function words less familiar words longer words the last words of a sentence ```

Question 35

Lexical access

Answer 35

the identification of a word that allows us to access its meaning from memory top-down and bottom-up processing

Question 36

lexical-decision task

Answer 36

tests how quickly people identify stimuli as either words or non-words

Question 37

sentence-superiority effect

Answer 37

people take longer to identify non related words than tp identify words embedded in a sentence

Question 38

Cohort model of lexical access

Answer 38

a word's cohort consists of all the words in the lexicon that share its first phonemes the possibilities for finding a match reduce with each syllable until the RECOGNITION POINT of the word

Question 39

Discourse

Answer 39

involves systemically structured parts of language larger than sentences : conversations, stories, essays etc.

Question 40

propositions in reading

Answer 40

as we read, we try to extract fundamental ideas from the text - propositions, not the exact words, into our working memory

Question 41

Neighbourhood density

Answer 41

a word's neighbourhood consists of all the words that are phonologically similar words wirh larger neighbourhoods take longer to retrieve

Question 42

formants

Answer 42

acoustic frequencies (lowest f1)